Table 2.
Interplay between phytoestrogens and their metabolites with microrganism.
| Chemical Family | Molecules | Microrganisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lignans | Anhydrosecoisolariciresinol Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside Syringaresinol |
C. methoxybenzovorans B. pseudocatenulatum WC 401 Firmicutes Bacteroidetes |
[60,61,62,64] |
| Isoflavones | Coumestrol Genistein Equol Daidzein |
F. prausnitzii
Lactobacillus Enterococcus |
[63] |
| Steroids | Estradiol Estrone |
Collinsella, Edwardsiella, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Dermabacter, Escherichia, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Marvinbryantia, Propionibacterium, Roseburia, Tannerella | [22,83,84,85,86,87] |
| Prenylflavonoids | Xanthohumol Desmethyxanthohumol |
E. limosum | [88] |
| Stilbenes | Resveratrol Trans-resveratrol Dihydroresveratrol 3,4′–dihydroxybibenzyl, 3,4′-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene |
Firmicutes Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria |
[89,90,91,92,93] |