Table 1.

Main risk factors for multi-drug resistant pathogens.

MRSA	Previous infection/colonization by MRSA in the last 12 months Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis Presence of central venous catheters or intravascular devices Administration of multiple antibiotics in the last 30 days (in particular with cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones) Immunodepression Immunosuppressor treatments Rheumatoid arthritis Drug addiction Patients coming from long-term care facilities or who have undergone hospital stay in the last 12 months Close contact with patients colonized by MRSA
ESBL	Previous infection/colonization with ESBL in the last 12 months Prolonged hospitalization (>10 days, in particular in ICU/hospice/long-term care facilities) Presence of permanent urinary catheter Administration of multiple antibiotics in the last 30 days (particularly with cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones) Patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Previous infection/colonization with P. aeruginosa in the last 12 months Administration of multiple antibiotics in the last 30 days (particularly with cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones) Pulmonary anatomic abnormalities with recurrent infections (e.g., bronchiectasis) Elderly patients (>80 years) Scarce glycemic control in diabetic subjects Presence of permanent urinary catheter Prolonged steroid use (>6 weeks) Neutropenic fever Cystic fibrosis
Candida spp.	Immunodepression Presence of central venous catheters or intravascular devices Patients in total parenteral nutrition Prolonged hospitalization (>10 days, particularly in an ICU) Recent surgery (particularly abdominal surgery) Prolonged wide-range antibiotic administration Previous necrotizing pancreatitis Recent fungal infection/colonization

Note: ESBL: Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; MRSA: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.