Table 1.
Autoimmune clinical manifestations caused by anti-TNF-α agents.
| Autoimmune Clinical Manifestation |
Most Involved Anti-TNF-α |
Most Involved Disease/ Type of Patients |
Treatment | Safe Switch to Alternative Anti-TNF-α Reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psoriasis | IFX | RA | Stop Anti-TNF-α | |
| Anti-TNF-induced Lupus | IFX | - | Stop Anti-TNF-α | |
| Vitiligo and AA | ETA | Young patients | Stop Anti-TNF | |
| Autoimmune Hepatitis | IFX | - | Stop Anti-TNF-α ± steroids | √ |
| Interstitial Lung Diseases | IFX and ETA | RA | Stop Anti-TNF-α | |
| Renal Diseases | ETA | RA | Stop Anti-TNF | |
| Vasculitis | \ | - | Stop Anti-TNF-α ± steroids | |
| Demyelination | ETA | RA | Stop Anti-TNF-α ± steroids | |
| Sarcoidosis | ETA | RA | Stop Anti-TNF-α ± steroids | |
| New-onset IBD | ETA | AS | Stop Anti-TNF-α | √ |
Abbreviations: TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α; IFX: infliximab; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; ETA: etanercept; AA: alopecia areata; AS: ankylosing spondylitis.