Table 3.
Effect of tobacco smoking on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
| Group | Non-Smoker | Ex-Smoker | Current Smoker | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Total, no. | 175,678 | 53,584 | 53,826 |
| Events, no. | 1519 | 670 | 714 | |
| Person-years | 873,465 | 265,865 | 266,901 | |
| Adjusted * HR | 1 (ref) | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) | 1.21 (1.09–1.35) | |
| MAFLD | Total, no. | 52,159 | 29,050 | 29,654 |
| Events, no. | 745 | 451 | 527 | |
| Person-years | 258,616 | 144,007 | 146,767 | |
| Adjusted * HR | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.24 (1.08–1.41) | |
| Control | Total, no. | 123,519 | 24,534 | 24,172 |
| Events, no. | 774 | 219 | 187 | |
| Person-years | 614,849 | 121,858 | 120,134 | |
| Adjusted * HR | 1 (ref) | 1.18 (0.99–1.42) | 1.07 (0.89–1.30) | |
| Subgroup: liver cirrhosis | Total, no. | 166 | 126 | 156 |
| Events, no. | 17 | 11 | 17 | |
| Person-years | 792 | 597 | 720 | |
| Adjusted * HR | 1 (ref) | 0.89 (0.40–1.99) | 1.25 (0.59–2.64) |
Abbreviations: no., number; HR, hazard ratio. * Adjusted for age, sex, alcohol drinking, exercise, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and presence of cirrhosis.