Figure 2.

Under renal failure conditions with high salt intake, TonEBP plays a crucial role in the development of inflammation and tissue damage in the heart and peritoneal membrane. In 5/6Nx/NaCl mice with renal failure, high salt intake upregulates TonEBP in mesothelial cells and cardiomyocytes via increased local tonicity due to accumulation of sodium. Activation of TonEBP induces MCP-1 expression, leading to macrophage infiltration and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, at least partly via the TonEBP–MCP-1 pathway. Inflammation causes tissue damage in the heart and peritoneal membrane, leading to cardiac fibrosis and high peritoneal transport rate with neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in PD.