Table 1.

Summary of some of the most relevant cytopathic effects on each organelle that have been empirically described in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or in cell lines transduced with viral proteins, as well as their corresponding molecular interactions described.

Organelle	Cytopathic Manifestation(s)	Affected Host Protein(s)	Responsible SARS-CoV-2 Protein(s)	References
Mitochondria	Alteration of IFN-I responses	TOM70	ORF9b protein	[39]
	Dysregulating host antioxidant defense	SIRT1	Nsp14 protein	[33,41]
Endoplasmic reticulum	ER stress response, inhibition of IFN-β	IRE1	ORF8, S, E, M proteins	[45,74]
Golgi Apparatus	Golgi fragmentation	GRASP55, TGN46	S, M, E, nsp15, ORF3a proteins	[66,68]
Cytoskeleton	Cytoskeleton remodeling	Proteins of the MTOC	S protein	[66,89]
	Ciliary dysfunction	CUL2 complex	ORF10 protein	[101]
Cell membrane	Inhibition of immune synapse	T cell receptor	S protein	[106]
Nucleus	Inhibition of transcription factor entry into the nucleus	Transcription factors (such as STAT)	ORF6, ORF3b proteins	[116]
	Inhibition of the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes	STAT, IRF3	ORF6, ORF3b, N, nsp12 proteins	[114,116]
	Inhibition of host mRNA export from the nucleus	NXF1	nsp1 protein	[119]