Table 2.

Summary of the changes in the microbiota associated with CRS.

Microbiota Change	Description	Ref.
Reduced diversity	Reduced microbial diversity in sinuses of patients with CRS	[20,21]
Increased abundance of certain bacterial species	Increased abundance of specific bacterial species in CRS patients, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and various anaerobic species	[23,25,26]
Decreased abundance of certain bacterial species	Decreased abundance of specific bacterial species in CRS patients, including Bifidobacterium longum, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus.	[23,25,26]
Biofilm formation	Bacterial biofilms in the sinuses of CRS patients can make the bacteria more resistant to antibiotics	[31,32]
Fungal overgrowth	Increased abundance of fungal species in CRS patients, particularly Aspergillus fumigatu	[33]
Dysbiosis	Expansion of pathogenic bacteria and reduction of symbiotic bacterial populations	[22]