Table 2.

List of new drugs in clinical trials enrolling osteosarcoma patients and repurposed approved drugs in preclinical tests in osteosarcoma, whose mechanisms of action target Wnt pathway components.

Drugs Targeting Wnt Players in Clinical Trials, Enrolling Osteosarcoma Patients	Study Phase/Mechanism of Action on Wnt Pathway	ClinicalTrials.Gov Identifier NCT Number
9-ING-41 with doxorubicin	Phase I/II/Targeting GSK-3β	NCT03678883, [146]
Lithium carbonate combined with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy	Phase IV/Targeting GSK-3β	NCT01669369, [146]
Drugs in Clinical Use Repurposed in Preclinical Tests in Osteosarcoma	Original Application/Potential Mechanism on Wnt Pathway	References
TAK-715 and AMG-548	p38 inhibitor/inhibits Casein Kinase 1δ, ε in U2OS cells	[147]
Curcumin and PKF118-310	Natural products/reduces nuclear β-catenin in U2OS, SaOS-2, and HOS cells	[148]
Niclosamide and Pyrvinium	Anthelmintic drug/promotes Fzd1 endocytosis; inhibits the Wnt/Axin-2/Snail axis	[149,150]
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3	Acts at different levels/antagonistic action on activated Wnt or β-catenin	[151]