Table 2.
Plasm BPA levels from human samples.
| References (Year) | Type of Participants (n: Number of Participants) | Levels Found | Detection Method | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wiraagni et al. (2019) [33] | Healthy volunteers (n: 150): - Males (n: 43); - Females (n: 107). |
Observed BPA Levels (ng/mL): Range: 0 to 76.80 Mean: 2.22 ± 9.91 - Males: 0.29; - Females: 2.99; - Less than 33 years of age: 0.847; - 33 years of age and older: 5.852; - Subjects with tap water as source of drinking: 2.882; - Subjects with mineral water as source of drinking: 0.318. |
LC-MS/MS | Malaysia |
| Yamamoto et al. (2016) [34] | Women at 23–35 weeks of gestation and those who delivered between 2002 and 2005: - Maternal blood (n: 59); - Cord blood (n: 285), |
Geometric mean (ng/mL): - Maternal blood 0.051; - Cord blood 0.046; Mean (ng/mL): - Maternal blood 0.063; - Cord blood 0.057. |
ID-LC/MS/MS | Japan |
| Pednekar et al. (2018) [35] |
Women between 20 and 40 years of age, attending infertility outpatient department, diagnosed with infertility (n: 45): - Polycystic ovary syndrome (n: 31); - Endometriosis (n: 11); - Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis (n: 3); - Married women between 20 and 40 years of age with proven fertility and no evidence of any gynecological disorders, who achieved pregnancy naturally and delivered recently (within one year) (n: 34). |
Mean (ng/mL): - Women with infertility: 4.66 ± 3.52; - Polycystic ovary syndrome: 5.80 ± 3.05; - Endometriosis: 4.59 ± 1.22; - Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis (3): 13.17; - Fertile women group: 2.64 ± 3.99. |
GC-MS | India |
| Mas et al. (2018) [36] |
Online hemodiafiltration patients using BPA-free (polynephron) or BPA-containing (polysulfone) dialyzers in a crossover design with two arms after a run-in period of at least 6 months with the same membrane: - Patients with BPA-free high-flux polynephron (polynephron) membranes (n: 36); - Patients with high-flux polysulfone (Helixone®) dialyzers that contain BPA (n: 36); - Patients on conventional hemodialysis (n: 10); - Healthy controls (n: 10). |
Mean (ng/mL): - Patients using BPA-free (polynephron): 8.79 ± 7.97; - Patients with high-flux polysulfone: 23.42 ± 20.38; - Patients on conventional hemodialysis: 98.96 ± 120.75; - Healthy controls: < 2. |
High-sensitivity ELISA | Spain |
| Kolatorova et al. (2018) [37] |
Healthy pregnant women of 33 ± 4.1 years (week 37 of pregnancy) (n: 27). | Median with lower and upper quartiles (ng/mL): 0.059 (0.023, 0.084). |
LC-MS/MS | Czech Republic |
| Jin et al. (2017) [38] | Participants of healthy general population, without any evidence of occupational exposure to bisphenols: - Women (n: 9); - Men (n: 10); - Total (n: 19). |
Mean (range) (ng/mL): - Women: 0.75 ± 0.12, (0.60–0.88); - Men: 0.60 ± 0.17, range: (0.41–0.85); - Total: 0.67 ± 0.16 (0.41–0.88). |
LC-MS/MS | China |
| Komarowska et al. (2021) [12] | - Children with congenital unilateral cryptorchidism aged 1–4 years (n: 98); - Healthy boys without any disorders of the testes at a comparable age of 1–4 years (n: 19). |
Median (ng/mL): - Children with congenital unilateral cryptorchidism: 9.95; - Control group: 5.54. |
GC-MS | Poland |
| Zbucka-Krętowska et al. (2019) [39] | Women undergoing routine amniocentesis between the 15th and 18th weeks of gestation carrying fetuses with a normal karyotype (n: 52). | Mean (ng/mL): 8.69, range: 4.3–55.3. | GC-MS | Poland |
| Cambien et al. (2019) [40] | Patients suffering from end-stage renal disease and hospitalized (n: 10). | Range (ng/mL): 0.266–86.831. | UHPLC–MS/MS | France |
| Shen et al. (2016) [41] | - Women with uterine leiomyoma (n: 300); - Control group with no use of hormone drugs during the 3 months prior to the study and free of reproductive-system-related tumors and other estrogen-dependent diseases (breast cancer, endocrine system diseases, etc.) (n: 300). |
Media (mean ± SD) (ng/mL): - Women with uterine leiomyoma: 11.19 (16.7 ± 13.9); - Control group: 4.31 (8.62 ± 11.8). |
HPLC-MS/MS | China |
| Ho et al. (2017) [42] | Voluntary human donors (n: 140) age range from 18 to 96 years: - Men (n: 66); - Women (n: 64). |
Geometric mean (range) (ng/mL): - Total: 0.53 (range: N.D.–10.43); - Women: 0.59 (N.D.–8.99); - Men: 0.47 (N.D.–10.43). |
LC-MS/MS | China |
| Lin et al. (2017) [43] | - Mother–child pairs with 2-year-old children (n: 208): girls (n: 91), boys (n: 117); - Mother–child pairs with 7-year-old children (n: 148): girls (n: 70), boys (n: 78). |
Median (ng/mL): - 2-year-old children: 3.2; girls: 2.9; boys: 3.3; - 7-year-old children: 3.2; girls: 1.2; boys: 4.0. |
UPLC-MS-MS | Taiwan |
GC/MS: gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; ID-LC/MS/MS: isotopic dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; UPLC-MS-MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometer; LC-MS/MS: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry; UHPLC-MS/MS: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quad mass spectrometer; HPLC-MS/MS: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–tandem mass spectrometry.