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. 2023 Apr 27;13(9):1489. doi: 10.3390/nano13091489

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of cerium-initiated copolymerization (a) [107]; SEM images of CNF (b) and CNF/PANI (c) [108]; SEM images of CNF cryogel microspheres (d,e) and CNF-NIPAm hybrid microspheres (f,g) [109]; mechanism of maleated-styrene-block-copolymer-grafted CNF (h) [110]; contact-angle images of CNF (i) and maleated-styrene-grafted CNF (j) [110]; contact-angle images of polycaprolactone-diol-grafted TOCNF esterification (k) and click-chemistry (l) [111]; SEM images of DANC/chitosan composite (m) and film (n) [112].