Table 4.
The bioimaging applications of CdS NPs.
| Type of CdS NPs | The Synthesis Method of CdS NPs | Size (nm) | Type of Microscope/Cell type | Color | Results | Year | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs): - HNTs-Azine-CdS - HNTs-NH2-CdS - HNTs-Azine-Cd0.7Zn0.3S |
Cadmium sulfide and cadmium–zinc-sulfide QDs were stabilized on the halloysite. | 6–8 | Laser scanning microscopy/PC-3 cells | - Green (HNTs-Azine-CdS) - Yellow-red (HNTs-Azine-Cd0.7Zn0.3S) - Red (HNT-NH2-CdS) |
- Bright and well-resolved fluorescence was observed in all cases. - Well distributed on the cells’ surfaces or inside them. |
2018 | [120] |
| Dark-field and epifluorescence microscopy/PC-3 cells | NT-NH2-CdS bright white spots, or yellow and red spots | - Appear as bright spots due to their good light-scattering properties. - The cell membrane and cytoplasm can also be seen. |
|||||
| CdS QDs | Green synthesis using tea leaf extract (Camellia sinensis) | 2–5 | Fluorescence microscopy/A549 cancer cells | Yellow, red, and orange fluorescence correspond to early apoptotic cells, necrotic cells, and late apoptotic cells, respectively. | - CdS QDs produce effective intracellular fluorescence intensity. - The fluorescence emission is enhanced with CdS QDs concentration. This enhanced fluorescence is responsible for the high-contrast fluorescence bioimaging. |
2018 | [43] |
| CdS NPs and Chitosan-coated CdS NPs | Wet chemical method | 10–15 | Fluorescence microscopy/Jurkat cells | - | - Cell images are not clear enough; this might be due to the low incorporation of Chitosan-coated CdS NPs. | 2019 | [25] |
| CdS QDs capped with dextrin and bioconjugated with doxorubicin | Chemical synthesis | 5 | Confocal laser fluorescent microscope/HeLa cells | Green and red spectrum | - In cells treated with CdS-Dx/DOX QDs, the fluorescence was observed mainly in the cytoplasm and in lesser amounts in the nucleus. - The changes in the morphology of those cells treated with DOX alone and CdS-Dx/DOX QDs were clearly evident. - The high photostability of CdS-Dx/QDs, both alone and conjugated. |
2020 | [105] |
| CdS NPs | Green synthesis (Chromolaenaodorata, Plectranthusamboinicus, and Ocimumtenuiflorum) | - | Cell imaging with bright-field and fluorescence microscope/HeLa cells | Hela cells showed bright green fluorescence | - The use of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles synthesized by the green method is more suitable due to the lower toxicity of these compounds for cells. | 2021 | [119] |
| CdSAg NPs | Green synthesis (E. coli) | 5.49 nm for CdS NPs and 7.20 nm for CdSAg NPs | Confocal microscope/HeLa cells | Red fluorescent | - It is not associated with changes in the cell morphology. - The fluorescence is stable. |
2021 | [121] |