Table 1.

Concise summary of common bioprinting technologies in liver tissue engineering.

	Extrusion-Based	Inkjet-Based	Light-Assisted
Working Principle	The printer utilizes pneumatic or mechanical driving based on predesigned commands to move the nozzle and distribute bioink according to the desired shape.	The bioink is expelled from the nozzle in droplet form by adjusting the pressure, like a conventional 2D desktop inkjet printer.	Using laser scanning or projection to crosslink photopolymerizable hydrogels containing cells at specific locations, solidification occurs, forming a robust structure.
Advantages	It can handle high-viscosity bioink, allowing for linear printing of high-viscosity materials.	This technique offers simplicity in operation, affordability, speed, and remarkable material adaptability.	It offers high processing precision, non-contact processing, minimal environmental restrictions, adaptability, and operability.
Drawbacks	The generation of potential shear stress within the nozzle has the potential to cause cell damage and reduce cell viability.	It is easy to generate spattering from the expelled fluid, which leads to waste, and its accuracy is roughly one-tenth that of extrusion printing.	This method may lead to phototoxicity, which can hinder cell growth.
Print speed	Slow	Fast	Fast
Printer cost	Medium	Low	High
Cell density	Medium, 106–107	Low, 104–106	Medium, 107
Ref.	[17,21,22,23]	[22,25,26,28]	[29,30,33]