Table 2.

Summary of existing 3D-bioprinted liver tissue models.

Method	Cell Sources	Bioink	Application	Ref.
Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting	Fibroblast and hepatoma cells	Alginate and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)	A liver-mimetic honeycomb 3D structure	[22]
Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting	Hepatocytes; Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human lung fibroblasts	Collagen with PCL	Angiogenesis for liver tissue engineering	[34]
Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting	Endothelial cells and mouse hepatocytes	dECM	A new dECM bioink	[59]
Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting	HepaRG	Gelatin and Alginate	Exploring the In Vivo and In Vitro Functionality of 3D-Printed Liver Organs	[86]
Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting	Hepatocytes and endothelial cells	GelMA	A Complex Liver Tissue with High Vascularization	[36]
Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting	ICC cells	Gelatin–Alginate–Matrigel	An intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tumor model	[96]
Inkjet-based 3D Bioprinting	Vascular endothelial cell	Gelatin and Alginate	Vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs	[26]
Inkjet-based 3D Bioprinting	Hepatocytes	Galactosylated alginate gel	New strategies for studying liver-specific functions of hepatocytes	[37]
Light-assisted 3D Bioprinting	HiPSC-HPCs; Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and Adipose-derived stem cells	GelMA and GMHA	A hexagonal liver lobule structure	[31]
Light-assisted 3D Bioprinting	Hepatic endothelial cells	GelMA and GMHA	A biomimetic hydrogel specifically designed to promote tissue repair	[49]
Light-assisted 3D Bioprinting	(hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes	dECM	Striated heart and lobular liver structures	[35]
Light-assisted 3D Bioprinting	Hepatic parenchymal cells, HepaRG, with stellate cells (LX-2) and endothelial cells (HUVECs)	GelMA	A bioprinted liver model simulating hepatic fibrosis injury	[102]