Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Year | Country | Study Design | Study Population | Age (Mean ± SD or Range) |
Sample Size (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scuteri et al. [8] | 2022 | Italy | experimental study | male ddY mice | 2 months | 6 |
| Pereira et al. [9] | 2022 | Portugal | randomized control trial (RCT) | patients diagnosed with Breast cancer, stage I and II | 51.48 ± 10.34 years | 56 |
| Maya-Enero [10] | 2022 | Spain | RCT | neonatals | 3–6 months | 71 |
| Hawkins et al. [11] | 2022 | United States (US) | RCT | post-COVID-19 female participants | 19–49 years | 19 |
| Ebrahimi et al. [12] | 2022 | Iran | RCT | elderly participants | 72.81 ± 7.14 years | 61 |
| Du et al. [13] | 2022 | Canada | RCT | healthy university students | 22.80 years | 59 |
| Dehghan et al. [14] | 2022 | Iran | RCT | patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis | 53.66 ± 12.30 years | 86 |
| Chen et al. [15] | 2022 | Taiwan | RCT | postpartum women | >20 years | 29 |
| Atef et al. [16] | 2022 | Egypt | experimental study | male Wistar rats | 8 weeks | 50 |
| Usta et al. [17] | 2021 | Türkiye | RCT | premature babies | 24–37 weeks | 31 |
| Shammas et al. [18] | 2021 | US | RCT | patients diagnosed with breast cancer and undergoing microvascular breast reconstruction. | 32–68 years | 27 |
| Sgoifo et al. [19] | 2021 | Italy | RCT | healthy women participants | 32.70 ± 1.80 years | 20 |
| Seifritz et al. [20] | 2021 | Canada | RCT | healthy male or female participants | 18–55 years | 34 |
| Schneider [21] | 2021 | Germany | RCT | women and men participants | 34.20 ± 6.90 years | 15 |
| Mascherona et al. [22] | 2021 | Switzerland | RCT | patients diagnosed with dementia and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) | 87.06 ± 6.95 years | 16 |
| Manor et al. [23] | 2021 | Thailand | experimental study | adult male Wistar rats | 2 months | not available (n/a) |
| Ko et al. [24] | 2021 | Taiwan | experimental study | healthy male or female participants | 22 ± 2 years | 9 |
| Karimzadeh et al. [25] | 2021 | Iran | RCT | conscious patients admitted to ICUs | 36.41 ± 12.06 years | 56 |
| Ferreira et al. [26] | 2021 | Brazil | experimental study | juveniles Oreochromis niloticus | 6 weeks | 12 |
| Takahashi et.al. [27] | 2020 | Japan | RCT | Alzheimer type dementia patients | 76.20 ± 9.80 years | 19 |
| Schneider [28] | 2020 | Germany | RCT | male or female participants | 24–52 years | 7 |
| Hacke et al. [29] | 2020 | Brazil | experimental study | adult zebrafish | 4–6 months | 14 |
| Kawai et al. [30] | 2020 | Japan | experimental study | healthy men participants | 21 ± 2.10 years | 13 |
| Bae et al. [31] | 2020 | US | RCT | recruited residents in long term care unit | 81.24 ± 11.05 years | 29 |
| Watson et al. [32] | 2019 | Australia | RCT | nursing home residents diagnosed with dementia | 89.31 ± 6.30 years | 49 |
| Son et al. [33] | 2019 | Korea | RCT | sophomore female nursing students | 20 years | 32 |
| Patra et al. [34] | 2019 | Germany | experimental study | female Suffolk sheep | 121 ± 3.70 days | 12 |
| Park et al. [35] | 2019 | Korea | quasi-experimental study | healthy female Korean participants | 21–39 years | 12 |
| Felipe et al. [36] | 2019 | Brazil | experimental study | male Swiss albino mice | 2 months | 6 |
| Xiong et al. [37] | 2018 | China | RCT | community-dwelling adults with symptoms of depression | 67.87 ± 7.51 years | 20 |
| Vital et al. [38] | 2018 | Brazil | experimental study | students, employers, and visitors | group of age 18–24, 25–39, 40–54, and >55 years | 10 |
| Van Dijk et al. [39] | 2018 | South Africa | RCT | children admitted to the burns unit | 0–13 years | 110 |
| Senturk and Kartin [40] | 2018 | Türkiye | RCT | hemodialysis patients | ≥30 years | 17 |
| Qadeer et al. [41] | 2018 | Pakistan | experimental study | locally breed albino Wistar rats | 2 months | 6 |
| Moss et al. [42] | 2018 | United Kingdom (UK) | RCT | healthy female and male adults | 22.84 ± 3.95 years | 40 |
| Montibeler et al. [43] | 2018 | Brazil | RCT | female nursing team of a surgical center | 39.50 ± 9.87 years | 19 |
| Kennedy et al. [44] | 2018 | UK | RCT | male or female participants | 21–35 years | 24 |
| Kalayasiri et al. [45] | 2018 | Thailand | RCT | male participants with inhalant dependence | 27.9 ± 5.77 years | 17 |
| Brnawi et al. [46] | 2018 | US | experimental study | male or female participants | 36 ± 14 or 21–65 years | 75 |
| Mosaffa-Jahromi et al. [47] | 2017 | Iran | RCT | participants with irritable bowel syndrome with mild to moderate depression | 34.15 ± 9.29 years | 40 |
| Matsumoto et al. [48] | 2017 | Japan | RCT | women with subjective premenstrual symptoms | 20.60 ± 0.20 years | 10 |
| Lam et al. [49] | 2017 | Hongkong | in vitro study | pheochromocytoma PC12 cells | - | 3 |
| Karadag et al. [50] | 2017 | Türkiye | RCT | male and female patients in coronary ICU | 50.33 ± 12.14 years | 30 |
| Huang and Capdevila [6] | 2017 | Spain | RCT | administrative university workers | 42.21 ± 7.12 years | 42 |
| Goepfert et al. [51] | 2017 | Germany | RCT | conscious and non-conscious palliative patients | 42−84 years | 20 |
| Forte et al. [52] | 2017 | Italy | experimental study | pigs | 35–220 days | 72 |
| Chen et al. [53] | 2017 | Taiwan | RCT | healthy pregnant women | 33.31 ± 4.01 or 24–43 years | 24 |
| Kasper et al. [54] | 2016 | Germany | RCT | male and female outpatients diagnosed with mixed anxiety and depressive disorder | 18–65 years | 160 |
| Gaston et al. [55] | 2016 | Argentina | experimental study | male and female meat-type chicks | 1 day old | 16 |
| Dyer et al. [56] | 2016 | UK | experimental study | patients diagnosed with sleep problems | 16–84 years | 65 |
| Yoshiyama et al. [57] | 2015 | Japan | RCT | patients with mild to moderate dementia in a nursing home | ≥65 years | 7 |
| Watanabe et al. [58] | 2015 | Japan | RCT | healthy females | 21.3 ± 1.02 or 20–23 years | 7 |
| Kasper et al. [59] | 2015 | Germany | RCT | male and female out-patients with a diagnosis of restlessness | 18–65 years | 86 |
| Hasanein and Riahi [60] | 2015 | Iran | experimental study | locally bred male Wistar rats | 2 months | 8 |
| Chen et al. [61] | 2015 | Taiwan | quasi-experimental study | healthy adults | 20–21 years | 16 |
| Bikmoradi et al. [62] | 2015 | Iran | RCT | patients undergone coronary artery bypass graft | 65.13 ± 9.76 years | 30 |
| Nagata et al. [63] | 2014 | Japan | RCT | male and female asymptomatic participants undergoing screening computed tomography colonography | 45–59 years | 56 |
| Matsumoto et al. [64] | 2014 | Japan | RCT | healthy women participants | 20.50 ± 0.10 years | 20 |
| Koteles and Babulka [65] | 2014 | Hungary | quasi-experimental study | male adult participants | 37.70 ± 10.90 years | 33 |
| Kasper et al. [66] | 2014 | Germany | RCT | male and female with generalized anxiety disorder | 18–65 years | 128 |
| Igarashi et al. [67] | 2014 | Japan | quasi-experimental study | female university and graduate students | 21.60 ± 1.50 or 19–26 years | 19 |
| Baldinger et al. [68] | 2014 | Austria | RCT | healthy participants | 25.60 ± 3.70 years | 17 |
| Varney and Buckle [69] | 2013 | US | RCT | male and female participants | 25–45 years | 7 |
| Taavoni et al. [70] | 2013 | Iran | RCT | postmenopausal participants | 45–62 years | 30 |
| Seol et al. [71] | 2013 | Korea | RCT | female patients diagnosed with urinary incontinence | 33–75 years | 12 |
| Igarashi [72] | 2013 | Japan | RCT | 28-week-pregnant women | 29.30 ± 4.30 years | 6 |
| Han et al. [73] | 2013 | China | experimental study | male ICR mice | 2 months | 10 |
| Fu et al. [74] | 2013 | Australia | RCT | patients diagnosed with dementia | 84 ± 6.36 years | 22 |
| Brito et al. [75] | 2013 | Brazil | experimental study | male adult albino Swiss mice | 3 months | 6 |
| Apay et al. [76] | 2012 | Türkiye | quasi-experimental study | midwifery and nursing students | 20.31 ± 1.09 years | 44 |