Table 4.

Studies related mechanisms of essential oils.

Author	Essential Oils	Application Methods	Measures	Outcomes
Scuteri et.al. [8]	bergamot	inhaled	licking/biting behavior	analgesic properties
Du et al. [13]	lemon and grapeseed	inhaled	cognitive function tests	shortened reaction time response, and more impulsive decision-making.
Dehghan et al. [14]	lavender, rosemary, and orange	inhaled	retrospective and prospective memory scale	only lavender or rosemary could reduce some memory problems in hemodialysis patients by reduction of retrospective memory problems
Chen et al. [15]	bergamot	inhaled	a questionnaire including the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale and postpartum sleep quality scale (PSQS)	alleviated depressive mood in postpartum
Atef et al. [16]	geraniol	oral	Morris water maze test	shortened escape latency and increased platform crossing
Ferreira et al. [26]	Ocimum gratissimum	water medication (immersion)	the time of anesthesia induction and recovery during anesthesia of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum	reduced the stress of transport and improved the oxidative status of Oreochromis niloticus by stable plasma glucose and change antioxidant defense system by increasing hepatic and kidney ROS
Schneider [28]	peppermint, rosemary, and grapefruit	inhaled	the hot immersion test paradigm and physiological parameters	resisted a stressful thermal stimulus and increased HRV
Hacke et al. [29]	lemongrass, pure citral and geraniol	water medication (immersion)	the light–dark test	anxiolytic effect
Kawai et al. [30]	grapefruit	inhaled	muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and cortisol concentration	changed in BP and MSNA as well as decreased stress hormone cortisol
Felipe et al. [36]	alpha-pinene and beta-pinene	oral	determination of dopamine and norepinephrine content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and nitrite concentration	reduced nitrite level and norepinephrine and dopamine (NE-DA) content during pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure
Qadeer et al. [41]	lavender	oral	open field test (OFT), light/dark transition box activity, forced swim test (FST) and corticosterone, lipid peroxidation, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes activities	stress induced behavior and biochemical alteration in rats
Kennedy et al. [44]	spearmint and peppermint	oral	neurotransmitter receptor binding, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, mood scales, and a standardised cognitively demanding tasks	peppermint with menthol showed in vitro cholinergic inhibitory, calcium regulatory, GABA, nicotinic binding effect; modulated performance on demanding cognitive task; attenuated the increase in mental fatigue associated with extended cognitive task
Lam et al. [49]	Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, Acori Graminei Rhizoma, and Acori Calami Rhizoma	exposure in cell culture media	transcriptional activation of neurofilament promoters and the neurite outgrowth	potentiated nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation in PC12 and neurite outgrowth-neurofilament expression
Chen et al. [53]	lavender	massage	salivary cortisol and Immune function measures	decreased stress and enhanced immune function
Gaston et al. [55]	Coriandrum sativum	intracerebroventricular injection	OFT test	sedative effect
Watanabe et al. [58]	bergamot	inhaled	salivary cortisol level	lowered salivary cortisol compared to rest
Hasanein and Riahi [60]	lemon balm	injection	nociceptive test	treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy
Matsumoto et al. [64]	yuzu	inhaled	the profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire and salivary chromogranin A	alleviated negative emotional stress-suppression of sympathetic nervous system activity
Han et al. [73]	Acorus tatarinowii Schott	injection/intraperitoneal	OFT, FST, and tail suspension test (TST)	essential oils and asarones from the rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii could be considered as a new therapeutic agent for curing depression
Brito et al. [75]	citronellol	paw injection	nociceptive test	attenuated orofacial pain