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. 2023 Apr 25;28(9):3716. doi: 10.3390/molecules28093716

Figure 3.

Figure 3

BMP-2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways participate in the pharmacological activity of naringin in mediating osteogenic differentiation. BMP-2 may interact with its receptors, such as BMPRII and BMPRI; this is followed by the activation of Smad1/5/8, which recruits Smad4, forming a complex and entering the nucleus for the transcriptional mediation of osteogenic factors, such as RUNX-2. After being activated by Wnt, β-catenin is stabilized and translocated to the nucleus for the transcriptional mediation of osteogenic factors. Activated β-catenin may also stimulate the BMP-2/Smad signaling pathway to induce osteogenic differentiation. Naringin can stimulate the BMP-2/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways to promote osteogenic differentiation. Abbreviations: BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; BMPRs, BMP receptors; SMAD: suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic; Runx-2, Runt-related transcription factor-2; LRP, LDL receptor-related protein; Axin2, axis inhibition protein 2; APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; CK1α, casein kinase 1α; TCF-4, transcription factor 4; LEF1, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1.