Table 1.
Antitumor activities of GNL.
| Type of Cancer | Mode of Study | Cell Lines/Animal Model | Target | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin cancer | In vivo/In vitro | Swiss albino mice PC-3, A431, and A549 cells Swiss albino mice |
Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 ornithine decarboxylase, LOX-5, and hyaluronidase Phase II and Antioxidants |
Apoptosis Anti-proliferation Chemoprevention |
[90,91,92] |
| Pancreatic cancer | In vitro | BXPC-3 cells | DNA damage | Apoptosis, Anti-proliferative | [93,94] |
| Prostate cancer | In vitro | PC-3 | E2F8 expression | Anti-proliferative | [95] |
| Colon cancer | In vitro | HT-29 | DNA damage | Apoptosis | [96] |
| Liver cancer | In vitro/In vivo | HepG2/Rats | Mevalonate pathway, HMGCR, DNA damage and ERK, NFkB | Apoptosis; anti-proliferative | [83,97,98,99,100] |
| Lung Cancer | In vitro/In vivo | A549, Albino mice | Mevalonate pathway, DNA damage, Chemoprevention | Apoptosis; anti-proliferative | [101,102] |