Table 1.

Key characteristics of included studies

Study year	Site	Critical care condition	Intervention	Consent model	Funding	Multicentre	Number of North American sites
Billings 201641	USA	Acute kidney injury	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Industry	Single centre	1
Casey 201927	USA	Tracheal Intubation	Non-drug intervention	Waived consent	Industry	Multicentre	7
Curtis 201646	USA	End of life care	Non-drug intervention	No waived consent	Industry	Multicentre	2
Delorme 201738	Canada	Acute respiratory failure	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Non-industry	Single centre	1
Festic 201745	USA	Acute respiratory distress syndrome	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	5
Girard 201940	USA	Delirium in critical illness	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	19
Heyland 202043	Canada	Long stay ICU patients	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Not reported	Multicentre	12
Jaiswal 201944	USA	Postoperative deliruim	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Non-industry	Single centre	1
Janz 201630	USA	Endotracheal intubation	Non-drug intervention	Waived consent	Non-industry	Single centre	1
Janz 201829	USA	Endotracheal intubation	Non-drug intervention	Waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	6
Janz 201928	USA	Cardiovascular collapse	Non-drug intervention	Waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	9
Limaye 201737	USA	Critical illness	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	14
Moss 201634	USA	Acute respiratory failure	Non-drug intervention	No waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	5
Schell-Chaple 201739	USA	Febrile critically ill	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Industry	Multicentre	3
Semler 201631	USA	Endotracheal intubation	Non-drug intervention	Waived consent	Non-industry	Single centre	1
Semler 201733	USA	Endotracheal intubation	Non-drug intervention	Waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	6
Semler 201832	USA	Critically ill	Drug intervention	Waived consent	Industry	Single centre	1
Sims 201936	USA	Trauma and Hemorrhagic stroke	Drug intervention	Waived consent	Non-industry	Single centre	1
Skrobik 201842	USA	ICU delirium	Drug intervention	No waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	2
STARRT-AKI 202047	Canada and USA	Acute kidney injury	Non-drug intervention	No waived consent	Non-industry	Multicentre	23
Swan 201635	USA	Hospital-acquired infections	Drug intervention	Waived consent	Non-industry	Single centre	1

ICU = intensive care unit