Table 1.

Aluminum exposure-associated detrimental effects.

Detrimental Effects	References
Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation	Willhite, 2014 [13]; Zhang et al., 2022 [4]
Protein denaturation and disturbance	Igbokwe, 2019 [10]; Paul-ehrlich-institut, 2022 [11]
Enzymatic/Receptor function disturbance: stimulation or inhibition	Zhu, 2023 [26]
Amyloidogenic and anti-amyloidolytic action	Huat, 2019 [21]
Metalloestrogen action: promoting augmented proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells	IARC, 2012 [14]
Disrupts receptor function and cell membrane	Willhite, 2014 [13]
Increases osteoclastic activity and reduces osteoblastic activity, inhibiting bone formation and mineralization	Coulson, 2022 [27]
Alter gastrointestinal tract homeostasis (permeability regulation, gut microbiota, and gut immune function)	Vignal et al., 2016 [1]
Induces arterial hypertension (systolic and arterial)	Zhang et al., 2022 [4]