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. 2023 Apr 28;15(9):2120. doi: 10.3390/nu15092120

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants from the UK Biobank and US NHANES according to DDS and E-DII subgroups a.

Variables Overall DDS Categories E-DII
Low (1–6) Medium (7–12) High (13–18) Tertile 1 b Tertile 2 b Tertile 3 b
UK Biobank
No of participants 181,360 22,542 (12.4) 111,231 (61.3) 47,587 (26.2) 60,454 (33.3) 60,453 (33.3) 60,453 (33.3)
Age [mean (SD)] 56.0 (8.0) 53.9 (8.1) 55.9 (8.0) 57.1 (7.5) 56.6 (7.9) 56.0 (7.9) 55.2 (8.0)
Female 101,298 (55.9) 10,866 (48.2) 61,148 (55.0) 29,284 (61.5) 29,706 (49.1) 34,382 (56.9) 37,210 (61.6)
Race Non-white 174,392 (96.2) 1451 (6.4) 4245 (3.8) 1272 (2.7) 1960 (3.2) 1905 (3.2) 3103 (5.1)
Residence Rural 29,549 (16.3) 3161 (14.0) 18,128 (16.3) 8260 (17.4) 10,125 (16.7) 10,071 (16.7) 9353 (15.5)
Household income
High 52,849 (29.1) 5836 (25.9) 32,372 (29.1) 14,641 (30.8) 17,297 (28.6) 18,302 (30.3) 17,250 (28.5)
Medium 85,945 (47.4) 10,342 (45.9) 52,744 (47.4) 22,859 (48.0) 29,281 (48.4) 28,608 (47.3) 28,056 (46.4)
Low 24,076 (13.3) 3751 (16.6) 14,797 (13.3) 5530 (11.6) 8125 (13.4) 7487 (12.4) 8464 (14.0)
Smoking status
Never 103,480 (57.1) 11,935 (52.9) 63,299 (56.9) 28,246 (59.4) 34,833 (57.6) 34,784 (57.5) 33,863 (56.0)
Previous 63,482 (35.0) 7438 (33.0) 39,068 (35.1) 16,978 (35.7) 21,715 (35.9) 21,355 (35.3) 20,412 (33.8)
Current 14,006 (7.7) 3092 (13.7) 8618 (7.7) 2296 (4.8) 3790 (6.3) 4200 (6.9) 6016 (10.0)
Alcohol consumption (g/week), mean (SD) 110.3 (96.5) 126.06 (119.5) 110.66 (96.2) 101.97 (83.2) 115.3 (100.5) 110.1 (95.4) 105.6 (93.4)
PA MET(hour/week), mean (SD) 41.7 (37.6) 42.2 (40.7) 41.5 (37.6) 41.8 (36.1) 45.3 (40.0) 40.7 (36.4) 39.3 (36.3)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) 26.7 (4.4) 27.5 (4.7) 26.7 (4.4) 26.3 (4.3) 26.6 (4.4) 26.6 (4.4) 26.9 (4.6)
Energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD) 2071.5 (613.4) 1865.9 (631.6) 2076.0 (607.9) 2158.7 (594.4) 2447.9 (594.3) 2068.3 (512.5) 1698.5 (481.5)
Dietary supplement 86,862 (47.9) 9427 (41.8) 52,782 (47.5) 24,655 (51.8) 30,976 (51.2) 28,944 (47.9) 26,942 (44.6)
Family history of diabetes 37,247 (20.5) 4925 (21.8) 22,690 (20.4) 9632 (20.2) 12,062 (20.0) 12,450 (20.6) 12,735 (21.1)
Comorbidities
CVD 6602 (3.6) 982 (4.4) 4078 (3.7) 1542 (3.2) 2296 (3.8) 2143 (3.5) 2163 (3.6)
Cancer 15,626 (8.6) 1700 (7.5) 9461 (8.5) 4465 (9.4) 5307 (8.8) 5207 (8.6) 5112 (8.5)
Hypertension 75,120 (41.4) 9248 (41.0) 45,869 (41.2) 20,003 (42.0) 25,795 (42.7) 24,957 (41.3) 24,368 (40.3)
Hyperlipidemia 24,899 (13.7) 3105 (13.8) 15,337 (13.8) 6457 (13.6) 8670 (14.3) 8286 (13.7) 7943 (13.1)
Total deaths 8338 (4.6) 1218 (5.4) 5201 (4.7) 1919 (4.0) 2814 (4.7) 2658 (4.4) 2866 (4.7)
Incident T2D cases 3416 (1.9) 577 (2.6) 2077 (1.9) 762 (1.6) 1159 (1.9) 1033 (1.7) 1224 (2.0)
T2D deaths 353 (0.2) 54 (0.2) 208 (0.2) 91 (0.2) 122 (0.2) 95 (0.2) 136 (0.2)
US NHANES
No of participants 42,139 1171 (2.8) 23,638 (56.1) 17,330 (41.1) 14,047 (33.3) 14,046 (33.3) 14,046 (33.3)
Age [mean (SD)] 50.1 (18.1) 47.3 (17.8) 49.5 (18.2) 51.2 (17.9) 50.2 (17.6) 49.9 (18.1) 50.3 (18.6)
Female 22,384 (53.1) 497 (42.4) 11,999 (50.8) 9888 (57.1) 6047 (42.6) 7456 (53.2) 8881 (63.7)
Race White 19,472 (46.2) 476 (40.6) 10,789 (45.6) 8207 (47.4) 6841 (48.2) 6404 (45.7) 6227 (44.7)
Household income
High 9656 (22.9) 129 (11.0) 4304 (18.2) 5223 (30.1) 4175 (29.4) 3115 (22.2) 2366 (17.0)
Medium 21,343 (50.6) 555 (47.4) 12,179 (51.5) 8609 (49.7) 6901 (48.6) 7162 (51.1) 7280 (52.2)
Low 8589 (20.4) 364 (31.1) 5528 (23.4) 2697 (15.6) 2255 (15.9) 2841 (20.3) 3493 (25.1)
Smoking status
Never 22,990 (54.6) 467 (39.9) 12,069 (51.1) 10,454 (60.3) 8011 (56.5) 7684 (54.9) 7295 (52.3)
Previous 10,814 (25.7) 224 (19.1) 5874 (24.8) 4716 (27.2) 4075 (28.7) 3557 (25.4) 3182 (22.8)
Current 8306 (19.7) 475 (40.6) 5677 (24.0) 2154 (12.4) 2090 (14.7) 2760 (19.7) 3456 (24.8)
Alcohol consumption (g/week), mean (SD) 95.3 (44.5) 95.1 (69.7) 69.7 (39.8) 60.4 (28.1) 60.8 (32.2) 61.3 (35.0) 54.3 (30.3)
PA MET(hour/week), mean (SD) 54.3 (77.4) 46.6 (65.1) 55.8 (80.7) 52.8 (73.3) 57.5(82.0) 55.6 (77.7) 59.4 (83.3)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) 29.1 (6.7) 28.7 (6.7) 29.2 (6.8) 28.9 (6.6) 28.4 (6.2) 29.2 (6.7) 29.6 (7.2)
Energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD) 1988.1 (716.3) 1585.8 (723.6) 1910.8 (719.4) 2120.7 (685.3) 2370.1 (706.0) 1976.6 (638.5) 1610.8 (585.5)
Dietary supplement 13,529 (32.1) 89 (7.6) 6020 (25.5) 7420 (42.8) 5122 (36.1) 4215 (30.1) 4192 (30.1)
Comorbidities
CVD 4805 (11.4) 140 (12.0) 2853 (12.1) 1812 (10.5) 1360 (9.6) 1581 (11.3) 1864 (13.4)
Cancer 3413 (8.1) 97 (8.3) 2057 (8.7) 1259 (7.3) 1054 (7.5) 1110 (7.9) 1249 (8.9)
Hypertension 18,387 (43.6) 514 (43.9) 10,423 (44.1) 7450 (43.0) 5835 (41.1) 6109 (43.6) 6443 (46.2)
Hyperlipidemia 12,304 (29.2) 359 (30.7) 6788 (28.7) 5157 (29.8) 4320 (30.4) 4111 (29.3) 3873 (27.8)
Total deaths 6803 (16.1) 333 (28.4) 4226 (17.9) 2244 (12.9) 2018 (14.4) 2381 (17.0) 2404 (17.1)
T2D deaths 248 (0.6) 13 (1.1) 163 (0.7) 72 (0.4) 82 (0.6) 85 (0.6) 81 (0.6)

a Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise. b Tertile 1 of E-DII ranged from −5.44 to −0.50 in UK Biobank, and from −5.28 to 0.83 in US NHANES; tertile 2 of E-DII ranged from −0.50 to 1.13 in UK Biobank and from 0.83 to 2.54 in US NHANES; tertile 3 of E-DII ranged from 1.13 to 4.65 in UK Biobank and from 2.54 to 5.79 in US NHANES. Abbreviations: DDS, dietary diversity score; E-DII, energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index; SD, standard deviation; PA, physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.