Table 1.
Variables | Overall | DDS Categories | E-DII | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (1–6) | Medium (7–12) | High (13–18) | Tertile 1 b | Tertile 2 b | Tertile 3 b | ||
UK Biobank | |||||||
No of participants | 181,360 | 22,542 (12.4) | 111,231 (61.3) | 47,587 (26.2) | 60,454 (33.3) | 60,453 (33.3) | 60,453 (33.3) |
Age [mean (SD)] | 56.0 (8.0) | 53.9 (8.1) | 55.9 (8.0) | 57.1 (7.5) | 56.6 (7.9) | 56.0 (7.9) | 55.2 (8.0) |
Female | 101,298 (55.9) | 10,866 (48.2) | 61,148 (55.0) | 29,284 (61.5) | 29,706 (49.1) | 34,382 (56.9) | 37,210 (61.6) |
Race Non-white | 174,392 (96.2) | 1451 (6.4) | 4245 (3.8) | 1272 (2.7) | 1960 (3.2) | 1905 (3.2) | 3103 (5.1) |
Residence Rural | 29,549 (16.3) | 3161 (14.0) | 18,128 (16.3) | 8260 (17.4) | 10,125 (16.7) | 10,071 (16.7) | 9353 (15.5) |
Household income | |||||||
High | 52,849 (29.1) | 5836 (25.9) | 32,372 (29.1) | 14,641 (30.8) | 17,297 (28.6) | 18,302 (30.3) | 17,250 (28.5) |
Medium | 85,945 (47.4) | 10,342 (45.9) | 52,744 (47.4) | 22,859 (48.0) | 29,281 (48.4) | 28,608 (47.3) | 28,056 (46.4) |
Low | 24,076 (13.3) | 3751 (16.6) | 14,797 (13.3) | 5530 (11.6) | 8125 (13.4) | 7487 (12.4) | 8464 (14.0) |
Smoking status | |||||||
Never | 103,480 (57.1) | 11,935 (52.9) | 63,299 (56.9) | 28,246 (59.4) | 34,833 (57.6) | 34,784 (57.5) | 33,863 (56.0) |
Previous | 63,482 (35.0) | 7438 (33.0) | 39,068 (35.1) | 16,978 (35.7) | 21,715 (35.9) | 21,355 (35.3) | 20,412 (33.8) |
Current | 14,006 (7.7) | 3092 (13.7) | 8618 (7.7) | 2296 (4.8) | 3790 (6.3) | 4200 (6.9) | 6016 (10.0) |
Alcohol consumption (g/week), mean (SD) | 110.3 (96.5) | 126.06 (119.5) | 110.66 (96.2) | 101.97 (83.2) | 115.3 (100.5) | 110.1 (95.4) | 105.6 (93.4) |
PA MET(hour/week), mean (SD) | 41.7 (37.6) | 42.2 (40.7) | 41.5 (37.6) | 41.8 (36.1) | 45.3 (40.0) | 40.7 (36.4) | 39.3 (36.3) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.7 (4.4) | 27.5 (4.7) | 26.7 (4.4) | 26.3 (4.3) | 26.6 (4.4) | 26.6 (4.4) | 26.9 (4.6) |
Energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD) | 2071.5 (613.4) | 1865.9 (631.6) | 2076.0 (607.9) | 2158.7 (594.4) | 2447.9 (594.3) | 2068.3 (512.5) | 1698.5 (481.5) |
Dietary supplement | 86,862 (47.9) | 9427 (41.8) | 52,782 (47.5) | 24,655 (51.8) | 30,976 (51.2) | 28,944 (47.9) | 26,942 (44.6) |
Family history of diabetes | 37,247 (20.5) | 4925 (21.8) | 22,690 (20.4) | 9632 (20.2) | 12,062 (20.0) | 12,450 (20.6) | 12,735 (21.1) |
Comorbidities | |||||||
CVD | 6602 (3.6) | 982 (4.4) | 4078 (3.7) | 1542 (3.2) | 2296 (3.8) | 2143 (3.5) | 2163 (3.6) |
Cancer | 15,626 (8.6) | 1700 (7.5) | 9461 (8.5) | 4465 (9.4) | 5307 (8.8) | 5207 (8.6) | 5112 (8.5) |
Hypertension | 75,120 (41.4) | 9248 (41.0) | 45,869 (41.2) | 20,003 (42.0) | 25,795 (42.7) | 24,957 (41.3) | 24,368 (40.3) |
Hyperlipidemia | 24,899 (13.7) | 3105 (13.8) | 15,337 (13.8) | 6457 (13.6) | 8670 (14.3) | 8286 (13.7) | 7943 (13.1) |
Total deaths | 8338 (4.6) | 1218 (5.4) | 5201 (4.7) | 1919 (4.0) | 2814 (4.7) | 2658 (4.4) | 2866 (4.7) |
Incident T2D cases | 3416 (1.9) | 577 (2.6) | 2077 (1.9) | 762 (1.6) | 1159 (1.9) | 1033 (1.7) | 1224 (2.0) |
T2D deaths | 353 (0.2) | 54 (0.2) | 208 (0.2) | 91 (0.2) | 122 (0.2) | 95 (0.2) | 136 (0.2) |
US NHANES | |||||||
No of participants | 42,139 | 1171 (2.8) | 23,638 (56.1) | 17,330 (41.1) | 14,047 (33.3) | 14,046 (33.3) | 14,046 (33.3) |
Age [mean (SD)] | 50.1 (18.1) | 47.3 (17.8) | 49.5 (18.2) | 51.2 (17.9) | 50.2 (17.6) | 49.9 (18.1) | 50.3 (18.6) |
Female | 22,384 (53.1) | 497 (42.4) | 11,999 (50.8) | 9888 (57.1) | 6047 (42.6) | 7456 (53.2) | 8881 (63.7) |
Race White | 19,472 (46.2) | 476 (40.6) | 10,789 (45.6) | 8207 (47.4) | 6841 (48.2) | 6404 (45.7) | 6227 (44.7) |
Household income | |||||||
High | 9656 (22.9) | 129 (11.0) | 4304 (18.2) | 5223 (30.1) | 4175 (29.4) | 3115 (22.2) | 2366 (17.0) |
Medium | 21,343 (50.6) | 555 (47.4) | 12,179 (51.5) | 8609 (49.7) | 6901 (48.6) | 7162 (51.1) | 7280 (52.2) |
Low | 8589 (20.4) | 364 (31.1) | 5528 (23.4) | 2697 (15.6) | 2255 (15.9) | 2841 (20.3) | 3493 (25.1) |
Smoking status | |||||||
Never | 22,990 (54.6) | 467 (39.9) | 12,069 (51.1) | 10,454 (60.3) | 8011 (56.5) | 7684 (54.9) | 7295 (52.3) |
Previous | 10,814 (25.7) | 224 (19.1) | 5874 (24.8) | 4716 (27.2) | 4075 (28.7) | 3557 (25.4) | 3182 (22.8) |
Current | 8306 (19.7) | 475 (40.6) | 5677 (24.0) | 2154 (12.4) | 2090 (14.7) | 2760 (19.7) | 3456 (24.8) |
Alcohol consumption (g/week), mean (SD) | 95.3 (44.5) | 95.1 (69.7) | 69.7 (39.8) | 60.4 (28.1) | 60.8 (32.2) | 61.3 (35.0) | 54.3 (30.3) |
PA MET(hour/week), mean (SD) | 54.3 (77.4) | 46.6 (65.1) | 55.8 (80.7) | 52.8 (73.3) | 57.5(82.0) | 55.6 (77.7) | 59.4 (83.3) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.1 (6.7) | 28.7 (6.7) | 29.2 (6.8) | 28.9 (6.6) | 28.4 (6.2) | 29.2 (6.7) | 29.6 (7.2) |
Energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD) | 1988.1 (716.3) | 1585.8 (723.6) | 1910.8 (719.4) | 2120.7 (685.3) | 2370.1 (706.0) | 1976.6 (638.5) | 1610.8 (585.5) |
Dietary supplement | 13,529 (32.1) | 89 (7.6) | 6020 (25.5) | 7420 (42.8) | 5122 (36.1) | 4215 (30.1) | 4192 (30.1) |
Comorbidities | |||||||
CVD | 4805 (11.4) | 140 (12.0) | 2853 (12.1) | 1812 (10.5) | 1360 (9.6) | 1581 (11.3) | 1864 (13.4) |
Cancer | 3413 (8.1) | 97 (8.3) | 2057 (8.7) | 1259 (7.3) | 1054 (7.5) | 1110 (7.9) | 1249 (8.9) |
Hypertension | 18,387 (43.6) | 514 (43.9) | 10,423 (44.1) | 7450 (43.0) | 5835 (41.1) | 6109 (43.6) | 6443 (46.2) |
Hyperlipidemia | 12,304 (29.2) | 359 (30.7) | 6788 (28.7) | 5157 (29.8) | 4320 (30.4) | 4111 (29.3) | 3873 (27.8) |
Total deaths | 6803 (16.1) | 333 (28.4) | 4226 (17.9) | 2244 (12.9) | 2018 (14.4) | 2381 (17.0) | 2404 (17.1) |
T2D deaths | 248 (0.6) | 13 (1.1) | 163 (0.7) | 72 (0.4) | 82 (0.6) | 85 (0.6) | 81 (0.6) |
a Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise. b Tertile 1 of E-DII ranged from −5.44 to −0.50 in UK Biobank, and from −5.28 to 0.83 in US NHANES; tertile 2 of E-DII ranged from −0.50 to 1.13 in UK Biobank and from 0.83 to 2.54 in US NHANES; tertile 3 of E-DII ranged from 1.13 to 4.65 in UK Biobank and from 2.54 to 5.79 in US NHANES. Abbreviations: DDS, dietary diversity score; E-DII, energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index; SD, standard deviation; PA, physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.