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. 2023 Apr 28;15(9):2114. doi: 10.3390/nu15092114

Table 2.

Human Toll-like receptors and their ligands.

Human TLR Ligands
TLR1
  • Triacyl lipoproteins

TLR2
  • Atypical lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

  • Glycolipids

  • Lipoproteins

  • Lipoteichoic acid,

  • Zymosan

  • Mannan

  • Peptidoglycan

  • Sporozoite

  • Lipoarabinomannan

  • Porins

TLR3
  • Viral double-stranded (ds)RNA

TLR4
  • Lipopolysaccharide

  • Heat shock proteins

TLR5
  • Flagellin

TLR6
  • Diacyl lipoproteins

  • Lipoteichoic acid

  • Zymosan

TLR7
  • Bacterial and viral single-stranded RNA

TLR8
  • Bacterial and viral single-stranded RNA

TLR9
  • Viral and bacterial unmethylated cytosine phosphate guanine-dideoxy nucleotide (CpG) DNA

  • RNA hybrids

TLR10
  • Diacyl lipoprotein

  • Triacyl lipoprotein

  • Viral glycoproteins

  • Double stranded (ds) RNA