Table 6.
Nutrient intake according to chewing ability.
| Nutrients | Normal (n = 4378) |
Chewing Difficulty (n = 3457) |
Total (n = 7835) |
Unadjusted p-Value (2) |
Adjusted p-Value (3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 1724.2 ± 12.9 (1) | 1616.4 ± 13.8 | 1677.6 ± 10.4 | 0.216 | 0.092 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 301.7 ± 2.3 | 287.3 ± 2.5 | 95.5 ± 1.8 | 0.042 | 0.053 |
| Protein (g) | 57.6 ± 0.5 | 52.3 ± 0.6 | 55.3 ± 0.4 | 0.519 | 0.521 |
| Fat (g) | 28.0 ± 0.4 | 24.5 ± 0.4 | 26.5 ± 0.3 | 0.057 | 0.035 |
| Calcium (mg) | 453.4 ± 6.1 | 402.0 ± 5.9 | 431.2 ± 4.6 | 0.062 | 0.034 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 944.7 ± 8.7 | 846.2 ± 8.9 | 902.1 ± 6.9 | 0.050 | 0.019 |
| Iron (mg) | 14.0 ± 0.2 | 13.1 ± 0.3 | 13.6 ± 0.2 | 0.071 | 0.127 |
| Sodium (mg) | 3103.4 ± 38.6 | 2914.6 ± 42.2 | 3021.8 ± 30.2 | 0.027 | 0.047 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2792.9 ± 30.0 | 2479.0 ± 29.6 | 2657.3 ± 23.7 | 0.069 | 0.018 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 340.3 ± 9.5 | 293.9 ± 7.6 | 320.3 ± 8.7 | 0.034 | 0.045 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 1.46 ± 0.02 | 1.37 ± 0.02 | 1.42 ± 0.01 | 0.077 | 0.055 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.17 ± 0.01 | 1.03 ± 0.01 | 1.11 ± 0.01 | 0.088 | 0.049 |
| Niacin (mg) | 12.1 ± 0.1 | 10.9 ± 0.1 | 11.6 ± 0.1 | 0.056 | 0.012 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 81.8 ± 2.1 | 67.8 ± 1.9 | 75.7 ± 1.6 | 0.015 | 0.022 |
| Energy distribution (%) | |||||
| Carbohydrate | 72.7 ± 0.2 | 74.1 ± 0.2 | 73.3 ± 0.1 | 0.085 | 0.059 |
| Protein | 13.3 ± 0.1 | 12.9 ± 0.1 | 13.1 ± 0.1 | 0.081 | 0.073 |
| Fat | 14.1 ± 0.2 | 13.0 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.1 | 0.057 | 0.079 |
(1) Mean ± SE, (2) p-value by t-test, (3) Adjusted for gender, age, and energy intake.