Table 7.
Relationship between chewing ability and undernutrition.
| Total (1) | Energy | Calcium | Iron | Vitamin A | Riboflavin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | 1.630 | 1.421 | 1.361 | 1.570 | 1.272 | 1.398 |
| (1.354–1.961) (2),*** | (1.268–1.592) *** | (1.192–1.553) *** | (1.334–1.847) *** | (1.107–1.461) *** | (1.254–1.558) *** | |
| Model 2 | 1.535 | 1.340 | 1.243 | 1.493 | 1.206 | 1.308 |
| (1.272–1.852) *** | (1.193–1.505) *** | (1.085–1.422) ** | (1.266–1.760) *** | (1.050–1.387) ** | (1.171–1.460) *** | |
| Model 3 | 1.411 | 1.307 | 1.158 | 1.371 | 1.170 | 1.216 |
| (1.159–1.718) *** | (1.162–1.470) *** | (1.008–1.330) * | (1.155–1.628) *** | (1.015–1.349) * | (1.086–1.360) *** | |
| Model 4 | 1.332 | 1.242 | 1.076 | 1.275 | 1.100 | 1.101 |
| (1.082–1.615) ** | (1.101–1.401) *** | (0.919–1.259) | (1.071–1.518) ** | (0.950–1.273) | (0.975–1.243) |
(1) Dependent variables were calculated based on the proportion of subjects consuming less than 75% of the estimated energy requirement (EER) for energy and consuming less than the estimated adequate requirement (EAR) for vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium, and iron (0: Good nutrition, 1: Undernutrition). (2) Odd ratio (95% Confidence interval) Independent variable: Chewing ability (0: Normal, 1: Chewing difficulty). Model 1: Unadjusted. Model 2: Adjusted for gender and age. Model 3: Adjusted for gender, age, smoking, drinking, stress, and weight status. Model 4: Adjusted for gender, age, smoking, drinking, stress and weight status, intake of milks and dairy products, food security, snack, eating-out frequency, breakfast, education level, household income, and marital status. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.