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. 2023 Apr 23;15(9):2039. doi: 10.3390/nu15092039

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effect size for handgrip strength when using whey protein intake vs. placebo. Q = 14.023, df (Q) = 6, p = 0.029, and I squared = 57.212. Black squares depict each study effect size; red diamonds represent merged effect sizes calculated in mixed and random models [24,26,31,32].