Table 2.

Measurement of sarcopenia in the analysed studies.

No.	Reference (Localisation)	(EWGSOP) Criteria (Yes/No)	Definition of Sarcopenia	Body Composition Assessment (DXA/BIA) and Nutritional Status (BMI, MNA)	Muscle Strength and Physical Performance Assessment
					Handgrip Strength	SPPB	Chair-Stand Time	Balance Test	Gait Speed
1.	Bauer et al., 2015 [24] (multicentre)	YES (EWGSOP)	Sarcopenia was defined as “the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function makes up a large component of physical frailty”	DXA/ BMI by BIA, MNA	Handgrip dynamometry	SPPB score	Chair-stand test score	Balance tests	4-m walk
2.	Bauer et al., 2020 [25] (multicentre)	YES (EWGSOP)	Sarcopenia was defined as “low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) combined with mild to moderate limitations in physical performance”	BMI, MNA-SF	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
3.	Björkman et al., 2020 [26] (Finland)	YES (EWGSOP)	Sarcopenia was defined as “low muscle strength, low muscle quantity or quality, and low physical performance”	BIA, tetrapolar BIS device	Handgrip dynamometry	nd	Chair-stand test score	nd	4-m walk
4.	Bo et al., 2019 [27] (China)	YES (EWGSOP)	(1)“the RSMI < 5.7 kg/m2 for women and <7.0 kg/m2 for men using bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA, Inbody 720); (2)handgrip strength < 18 kg for women and <26 kg for men, or 6-m usual walk speed <0.8 m/s	BIA, MNA	Handgrip dynamometry	nd	Chair stand test score	nd	6-m walk
5.	Hameed, 2018 [28] (Iraq)	YES (EWGSOP)	“Sarcopenia was measured using hydraulic hand dynamometer, SPPB (balance, chair stand test, and gait speed)”	MNA	Handgrip dynamometry	SPPB score	Chair-stand test score	Balance tests	nd
6.	Hill et al., 2019 [29] (multicentre)	nd	“Sarcopenia was determined by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB; 0–12) scores between 4 and 9, and a low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI; skeletal muscle mass/BW × 100) ≤ 37% in men and ≤ 28% in women using bioelectric impedance analysis”	DXA, BIA/ BMI, MNA	nd	SPPB score	nd	nd	nd
7.	Liberman et al., 2019 [30] (multicentre)	YES (EWGSOP)	Sarcopenia was defined as “a muscle failure disease that is caused by adverse muscle changes that accumulate over life”	DXA, BMI	nd	SPPB score	nd	nd	nd
8.	Rondanelli et al., 2016 [31] (Italy)	YES (EWGSOP)	Sarcopenia was defined as “the age-related depletion of skeletal muscle mass and loss of strength”	DXA, BIA	Handgrip dynamometry	nd	Chair-stand test score	nd	nd
9.	Rondanelli et al., 2020 [32] (Italy)	YES (EWGSOP)	Sarcopenia was defined “according to European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) 2010 criteria in terms of the outcome of body composition by bioimpedance analysis [(skeletal muscle mass/body weight × 100) ≤ 37% in men and ≤28% in women], handgrip strength, and gait speed”	DXA, BIA	Handgrip dynamometry	SPPB score	Chair-stand test score	Balance tests	4-m walk
10.	Verlaan et al., 2018 [33] (multicentre)	YES (EWGSOP)	Sarcopenia was defined as “the geriatric syndrome characterized by low muscle mass, strength, and function”	DXA/ BMI by BIA, MNA-SF	Handgrip dynamometry	SPPB score	Chair-stand test score	nd	4-m walk

nd—no data;; source: the authors’ own analysis, EWGSOP: European Working Group for Sarcopenia in Older People.