Table 4.
Measures of child development and nutrition biomarkers by intervention group from the baseline to the endline a,b.
| Wave | Fortified Beverage (n = 203) |
No Fortified Beverage (n = 183) |
Responsive Caregiving (n = 192) |
No Responsive Caregiving (n = 194) |
Fortified Beverage vs. No Fortified Beverage (95% CI) c |
Responsive Caregiving vs. No Responsive Caregiving (95% CI) c |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child development | |||||||
| Cognitive score d | BL | 93.63 (11.86) | 93.32 (11.82) | 92.51 (11.74) | 94.44 (11.86) | −1.23 (−3.52, 1.06) | −0.59 (−2.88, 1.7) |
| EL | 88.76 (9.8) | 89.97 (9.32) | 88.79 (9.7) | 89.85 (9.46) | |||
| Language score d | BL | 85.08 (15.17) | 85.13 (14.74) | 84.05 (15.42) | 86.13 (14.43) | 0.13 (−2.71, 2.97) | 0.06 (−2.78, 2.91) |
| EL | 82.98 (11.35) | 82.78 (11.52) | 82.66 (11.7) | 83.09 (11.18) | |||
| Motor score d | BL | 86.8 (12.1) | 87.15 (12.47) | 86.03 (11.62) | 87.89 (12.82) | −0.14 (−2.65, 2.38) | −0.36 (−2.87, 2.16) |
| EL | 87.89 (11.3) | 88.27 (12.13) | 87.57 (11.59) | 88.55 (11.8) | |||
| Socioemotional competence e | BL | 11.35 (5.81) | 10.98 (5.88) | 10.83 (5.84) | 11.53 (5.84) | 2.34 (0.98, 3.7) ** | 0.17 (−1.19, 1.53) |
| EL | 11.97 (6.7) | 9.61 (6.44) | 10.96 (6.59) | 10.7 (6.76) | |||
| Socioemotional problems e | BL | 18.15 (9.61) | 17.49 (9.4) | 16.97 (8.91) | 18.75 (10.05) | 1.26 (−0.5, 3.02) | −0.83 (−2.59, 0.93) |
| EL | 11.05 (6.62) | 9.64 (5.83) | 9.86 (5.36) | 10.84 (7) | |||
| Nutrition biomarkers | |||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | BL | 10.75 (1.3) | 10.87 (1.3) | 10.79 (1.42) | 10.82 (1.19) | 0.13 (−0.23, 0.49) | −0.15 (−0.51, 0.22) |
| EL | 11.07 (0.98) | 10.98 (0.99) | 10.95 (0.9) | 11.09 (1.04) | |||
| Ferritin, µg/L f | BL | 9.79 (14.85) | 10.82 (19.31) | 8.74 (12.65) | 11.75 (17.1) | 0.1 (−0.24, 0.45) | 0.14 (−0.21, 0.49) |
| EL | 35.72 (87.3) | 31.1 (76.73) | 34.2 (76.13) | 31.24 (90.5) |
a Observed BL and EL values are means (SDs). BL, baseline; EL, endline; CI, confidence interval. b Multiplicative interactions between fortified beverage and responsive caregiving interventions were nonsignificant. Specific p-values for each dependent variable are as follows: cognitive score, p = 0.70; language score, p = 0.83; motor, p = 0.19; socioemotional competence, p = 0.44; socioemotional problems, p = 0.98. c Difference (95% CI) in change from the baseline to the endline in intervention vs. no intervention group. ** p < 0.01. d Cognitive, language, and motor scores were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III. Cognitive scores are composite score equivalents. Language and motor scores are composite scores. Scores ranged from 40 to 160 with a mean of 100 (SD 15). e Socioemotional competence and problem scores were assessed using the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment. Competence scores ranged from 0 to 22. Problem scores ranged from 0 to 62. f BL and El values are median (IQR). Intervention vs. no intervention represents the geometric mean ratio of the relative change from the baseline to the endline comparing intervention groups with non-intervention groups.