Table 3.
Changes in anthropometric measurement and body composition according to intervention.
| Variables | Pre | Post | Change | p-Value | Effect Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric parameters | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 57.98 ± 6.72 | 57.46 ± 6.67 | −0.52 ± 1.17 | 0.003 | 0.447 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.69 ± 2.21 | 23.52 ± 2.22 | −0.16 ± 0.49 | 0.025 | 0.330 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.55 ± 6.24 | 78.29 ± 6.48 | −1.27 ± 5.00 | 0.083 | 0.253 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 93.81 ± 3.82 | 94.17 ± 4.83 | 0.36 ± 4.00 | 0.528 | 0.091 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.45 ± 15.21 | 124.86 ± 13.41 | 0.41 ± 12.20 | 0.816 | 0.033 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.49 ± 11.70 | 71.55 ± 8.94 | −0.94 ± 9.69 | 0.501 | 0.097 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Total body water (L) | 27.63 ± 3.11 | 27.46 ± 3.07 | −0.17 ± 0.73 | 0.119 | 0.227 |
| Body fat (kg) | 20.38 ± 4.40 | 20.08 ± 4.65 | −0.30 ± 1.04 | 0.049 | 0.288 |
| Total body fat mass (%) | 34.93 ± 4.81 | 34.70 ± 5.31 | −0.23 ± 1.50 | 0.282 | 0.155 |
| Abdominal fatness (%) | 0.85 ± 0.03 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.646 | 0.430 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 20.22 ± 2.56 | 20.10 ± 2.52 | −0.11 ± 0.56 | 0.168 | 0.200 |
| SMI (%) | 26.39 ± 2.16 | 26.33 ± 2.36 | −0.06 ± 0.60 | 0.502 | 0.097 |
Data are represented as mean ± standard deviations. Asterisk (*) indicates if the p-value was significant even after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (corrected p-value: 0.05/31 = 0.002). BMI, Body mass index; SMI, Skeletal muscle index.