Table 5.
Variables | Pre | Post | Change | p-Value | Effect Size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KI | 14.27 ± 8.18 | 10.73 ± 7.00 | −3.53 ± 5.07 | <0.0001 * | 0.697 | |
No complaint | 9 (18.37) | 15 (30.61) | 3.7315 † | 0.292 | ||
Mild | 25 (51.02) | 22 (44.90) | ||||
Moderate | 13 (26.53) | 12 (24.49) | ||||
Severe | 2 (4.08) | 0 (0) | ||||
PSQI | 5.61 ± 2.08 | 5.06 ± 2.21 | −0.55 ± 1.78 | 0.018 | 0.310 |
Data are represented as mean ± standard deviations or number (%). Dagger (†) represents the chi-square value. Asterisk (*) indicates if the p-value was significant even after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (corrected p-value: 0.05/31 = 0.002). Kupperman index (KI): ‘no complaint’ (score 0–6), ‘mild’ (score 7–15), ‘moderate’ (score 16–30), or ‘severe’ (score > 30); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): score range is 0–21, and a score of ≥5 points denotes poor sleep quality.