Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of participants in the analytic sample.
| Total Sample (n = 2961) | Pregnant Women (n = 1444) | Non-Pregnant/ Non-Postpartum Women (n = 1517) ** |
p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics * | n (%) | Mean ± SD | n (%) | Mean ± SD | n (%) | Mean ± SD | |
| Age, years | 28.8 ± 5.6 | 28.8 ± 5.6 | |||||
| % of federal poverty level | 287.2 ± 222.0 | 257.2 ± 188.8 | 315.1 ± 245.5 | <0.001 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2070 (85.5) | 1163 (83.5) | 907 (88.3) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 83 (3.4) | 67 (4.8) | 16 (1.6) | ||||
| Hispanic | 157 (6.5) | 94 (6.8) | 63 (6.1) | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander/Other | 110 (4.6) | 69 (5.0) | 41 (4.0) | ||||
| Highest education level | |||||||
| 1–8 years grade school | 4 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | |||||
| High school | 272 (20.9) | 272 (20.9) | |||||
| 1–3 years college | 521 (40.0) | 521 (40.0) | |||||
| College graduate | 385 (29.5) | 385 (29.5) | |||||
| Postgraduate | 121 (9.3) | 121 (9.3) | |||||
| Employment status | |||||||
| Unemployed | 499 (35.7) | 499 (35.7) | |||||
| Employed | 899 (64.3) | 899 (64.3) | |||||
| Household size | <0.001 | ||||||
| 1–2 people | 904 (31.0) | 362 (25.8) | 542 (35.7) | ||||
| 3 people | 833 (28.5) | 528 (37.6) | 305 (20.1) | ||||
| 4 people | 677 (23.2) | 283 (20.2) | 394 (26.0) | ||||
| ≥5 people | 507 (17.4) | 231 (16.5) | 276 (18.2) | ||||
| Annual household income level (USD) | <0.001 | ||||||
| <25,000 | 601 (20.6) | 314 (22.4) | 287 (18.9) | ||||
| 25,000–<40,000 | 596 (20.4) | 317 (22.6) | 279 (18.4) | ||||
| 40,000–<60,000 | 619 (21.2) | 318 (22.6) | 301 (19.8) | ||||
| ≥60,000 | 1105 (37.8) | 455 (32.4) | 650 (42.9) | ||||
| WIC recipient status | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-recipient | 1811 (62.0) | 825 (58.8) | 986 (65.0) | ||||
| Recipient | 1110 (38.0) | 579 (41.2) | 531 (35.0) | ||||
| Regions of residency | 0.002 | ||||||
| New England | 137 (4.7) | 68 (4.8) | 69 (4.5) | ||||
| Middle Atlantic | 368 (12.6) | 166 (11.8) | 202 (13.3) | ||||
| East North Central | 553 (18.9) | 282 (20.1) | 271 (17.9) | ||||
| West North Central | 251 (8.6) | 136 (9.7) | 115 (7.6) | ||||
| South Atlantic | 475 (16.3) | 232 (16.5) | 243 (16.0) | ||||
| East South Central | 170 (5.8) | 80 (5.7) | 90 (5.9) | ||||
| West South Central | 318 (10.9) | 152 (10.8) | 166 (10.9) | ||||
| Mountain | 257 (8.8) | 137 (9.8) | 120 (7.9) | ||||
| Pacific | 392 (13.4) | 151 (10.8) | 241 (15.9) | ||||
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||||
| No | 1246 (89.3) | 1246 (89.3) | |||||
| Yes | 150 (10.7) | 150 (10.7) | |||||
| Vegetarian diet | 0.114 | ||||||
| No | 2828 (95.9) | 1389 (96.5) | 1439 (95.3) | ||||
| Yes | 122 (4.1) | 51 (3.5) | 71 (4.7) | ||||
SD: standard deviation; WIC: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. * For some characteristics, the sum of categories is less than the total due to missing data. ** Some characteristics were not available for non-pregnant/non-postpartum women.