Table 3.
Internal load HR sensor-based.
| Publication (n; Level; Age) |
Event | Observation | Method | Metrics | Tool(s); SF; Body Place Worn | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Practice Game |
Study-Defined Practice Mode(s) | Obs. by Player | Total Statistical Units |
|||||
| Matthew et al. (2009) [52] (9; A; 25.8 ± 2.5) |
G | 5v5 OG | 9 | 81 | HR | % of time spent >85% HRMax; HRAvg | Polar S810 (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland); 15-s SF; NR | Mean 80.4% time at HR greater than 85% of HRMax (relative to total time) Mean 93.1% time at HR greater than 85% of HRMax (relative to live time) Mean 166.3 ± 9.4 HRAvg in 1st half and 163.3 ± 9.0 in 2nd half. |
| Narazaki et al. (2009) [19] (6; E; 20.0 ± 1.3) |
G | 5v5 OG | 6 | 36 | HR | HRPlay; HRRest | Polar watch (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland); NR SF; wrist | HRPlay (bpm): 168.7 ± 11.0 HRRest (bpm): 152.5 ± 11.5 |
| Klusemann et al. (2012) [23] (8; Y; 17.4 ± 0.7) |
P | SSG (2v2; 4v4) | 19 | 152 | HR | %HRMax, %HRAvg, % time spent in two different HR zones | Suunto Heart Rate sensor (Suunto™, Vantaa, Finland); NR; NR | Player’s average by task format: 4v4; 2v2; HC; FC; 2 × 5 min; 4 × 2.5 min % HRMax: 92 ± 3; 92 ± 3; 92 ± 3; 92 ± 3; 92 ± 3; 92 ± 2 % HRAvg: 83 ± 5; 86 ± 4; 84 ± 5; 85 ± 4; 86 ± 4; 83 ± 3 % time in Z4: 51 ± 20; 55 ± 24; 46 ± 27; 56 ± 19; 53 ± 26; 58 ± 9 % time in Z5: 22 ± 25; 30 ± 31; 20 ± 27; 25 ± 27; 33 ± 32; 14 ± 13 |
| Scanlan et al. (2012) [17] (10; A; 21.7 ± 3.65) |
G | 5v5 OG | 8 | NR | HR | HRAvg; %HRMax | Polar Team System (Polar Electro, Oy, Kempele, Finland); 5-s SF; NR | Team’s average by quarters: HRAvg; %HRMax Q1: 165 ± 4; 83.2 ± 2.6 Q2: 163 ± 5; 84 ± 2.6 Q3: 161 ± 4; 81.3 ± 1.9 Q4: 162 ± 6; 81.5 ± 2.9 1st Half: 163 ± 3; 82.4 2nd Half: 161 ± 4; 81.2 ± 1.9 Match: 162 ± 3; 82.4 ± 1.3 |
| Atli et al. (2013) [20] (12; Y; 15.5 ± 0.5) |
P | HC, FCS | NR | NR | HR | HRAvg, %HRMax | Polar S810 HR (Polar Electro, Oy, Kempele, Finland); 5-s SF; NR | Player’s average values by type of task: HC; FC HRAvg: 161.8 ± 6.2; 180.9 ± 5.7 %HRMax: 76.3 ± 2.5; 85.6 ± 3.1 |
| Nunes et al. (2014) [58] (19; E; 26 ± 5) |
P | FCS | NR | NR | HR | SHRZ | NR | Player’s average: 255 ± 62 |
| Abad et al. (2016) [24] (15; Y; 16.9 ± 1.1) |
P; G | P: 5v5 SG G: 5v5 OG |
1 | 15 | HR | HRMax | Polar Team Pro (Polar, Kempele, Finland); NR; NR | Practice and game: HRmax: 195.27 ± 8.40 |
| Vencúrik et al. (2016) [45] (10; Pro; 20.4 ± 2.8) |
G | 5v5 OG | 1 | 10 | HR | %HRMax, time spent in five different HR zones | Suunto Team Pack (Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland); 2-s SF; NR | Player’s average by position (point guards; forwards; centers): %HRmax: 88.2 ± 3.5; 87.8 ± 3.1; 88.9 ± 3.4 Z3 (<85%): 24.0 ± 19.4; 24.3 ± 12.5; 19.8 ± 13 Z4 (85–95%): 63.7 ± 17.6; 67.9 ± 10.7; 65.9 ± 15.8 Z5 (>95%): 12.3 ± 13.9; 7.9 ± 10.8; 14.2 ± 16.2 |
| Batalla et al. (2018) [55] (10; A; 21.3 ± 2.71) |
G | 5v5 OG | 10 | 100 | HR | %HRMax | Suunto Team Pack (Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland); NR; NR | %HRMax by quarters: Q1: 90.2 ± 4.4; Q2: 90.3 ± 4.2 Q3: 89.6 ± 3.4; Q4: 90.4 ± 2.5 |
| Montgomery et al. (2018) [31] (208; E, Y; 22.9 ± 5.6) |
G | 3v3 OG | NR | 635 | HR | HRMax; HRAvg | Polar T34 (Polar, Kemple, Finland); NR; NR | HRMax: 198 ± 9 HRAvg: 165 ± 18 |
| Sanders et al. (2018) [35] (10; E; 19.8 ± 1.3) |
G | 5v5 OG | 31 | 310 | HR | HRMax; HRAvg; time spent in six different HR zones; SHRZ | Polar Team Pro (Polar, Kempele, Finland); NR; NR | Average by position (guards; forwards; centers): HRmax: 195.7 ± 6.7; 187.3 ± 8.8; 194.2 ± 8.8 HRavg: 146.0 ± 15.1; 149.9 ± 14.5; 151.1 ± 14.0 Z1 (50–60%): 4.3 ± 2.8; 3.0 ± 3.5; 3.6 ± 3.9 Z2 (60–70%): 3.2 ± 2.0; 3.4 ± 2.1; 4.7 ± 3.1 Z3 (70–76%): 1.4 ± 0.8; 2.1 ± 1.4; 2.6 ± 2.0 Z4 (77–84%): 1.9 ± 1.1; 3.5 ± 2.0; 2.5 ± 1.5 Z5 (85–100%): 9.2 ± 3.8; 10.0 ± 4.3; 8.4 ± 3.5 85% HRmax: 61.1; 69.2; 66.3 SHRZ: 68.3 ± 15.1; 80.1 ± 23.1; 72.9 ± 21.2 |
| Lupo et al. (2019) [34] (15; E; 16.7 ± 0.5) |
P | FCS | 19 | 268 | HR | SHRZ | Polar H7 (Polar Electro Oy, Kepele, Finland); 1-s SF; chest | Player’s average by type of session: Strength: 229 ± 14.4 Conditioning: 229 ± 19 Technique: 162 ± 12.1 |
| Reina et al. (2019) [49] (10; A; 21.7 ± 3.65) |
P; G | P: SG G: 5v5 OG |
47 | 155 | HR | HRMax, HRAvg, %HRMax, time spent in six different HR zones | Garmin™; NR; NR | Team’s average: HRMax: 175.18; HRAvg: 145.91; %HRMax: 72.95; Z1 (50–60%): 17.78; Z2 (60–70%): 19.32; Z3 (70–80%): 23.28; Z4 (80–90%): 27.38; Z5 (90–95%): 9.19; Z6 (>95%): 1.27 Average in games: Average team values HRMax: 192.33; HRAvg: 169.18; %HRMax: 84.59; Z1 (50–60%): 3.66; Z2 (60–70%): 6.30; Z3 (70–80%): 12.35; Z4 (80–90%): 37.14; Z5 (90–95%): 31.84; Z6 (>95%): 8.09 |
| Reina et al. (2019) [30] (12; Y; U13) |
P; G | P: NR G: 5v5 OG |
35 | 420 | HR | %HRAvg, %HRMax | Garmin™; NR; NR | NR |
| Sanders et al. (2019) [35] (13; E, Y; 19.6 ± 1.3) |
P; G | P: NR G: 5v5 OG |
NR | NR | HR | HR, SHRZ | Polar Team Pro (Polar, Kempele, Finland); 1-s SF; chest | Showed data including practice and game average Average values for groups (large; moderate; minimal): HRmax: 196.5 ± 1.4; 195.5 ± 1.8; 193.2 ± 1.6 HRavg: 132.6 ± 1.1; 130.8 ± 1.0; 127.9 ± 1.6 SHRZ: 352.2 ± 11.6; 314.5 ± 13.4; 276.5 ± 13.2 Time >85% HRmax (min): 21.6 ± 1.2; 20.0 ± 1.4; 16.4 ± 1.6 |
| Vala et al. (2019) [46] (17; Pro; 23.4 ± 2.1) |
G | 5v5 OG | NR | 16 | HR | HRAvg, %HRMax; time spent in five different HR zones | Polar Team System 2 (Polar, Kemple, Finland); NR; NR | HRAvg by league and position: 1st league; 2nd league Guards: 174.8 ± 9.2; 183.3 ± 6.7 Forwards: 182.9 ± 12.3; 169.7 ± 6.7 Centers: 190.6 ± 11.3; 174.4 ± 9.1 Total: 183.2 ± 12.8; 176.1 ± 10.3 Average % HRmax by league and position: 1st league; 2nd league Guards: 91.1 ± 5.6; 90.1 ± 4.4 Forwards: 92.3 ± 5.6; 85.7 ± 3.4 Centers: 92.2 ± 4.8; 90.3 ± 2.9 Total: 91.9 ± 5.3; 88.8 ± 4.2 % time spent by positions: guards; forwards; centers Z1 (<80%): 0.64; 0.00; 0.00 Z2 (80–85%): 7.40; 3.67; 3.90 Z3 (85–90%): 42.41; 27.34; 17.36 Z4 (90–95%): 40.42; 45.5; 57.82 Z5 (>95%): 9.13; 23.49; 20.93 |
| Kraft et al. (2020) [50] (NR; NR; NR) |
P | NR | NR | 124 | HR | HR | Polar H7 sensor and Polar Team System (Polar, Kemple, Finland); NR; NR | Player’s average values: SHRZ: 313 ± 112 |
| Lukonaitene et al. (2020) [26] (24; E, Y; 18.8 ± 0.7) |
P; G | P: FCS G: 5v5 FG |
33 | 792 | HR | TRIMPB | H10 Polar Sensor (Polar, Kemple, Finland); NR; NR | Team’s average U20: 214.60 ± 109.42 U18: 304.95 ± 171.83 Showed data including practice and game |
| Suárez-Iglesias et al. (2020) [28] (10; Pro; 18.6 ± 3.5) |
P | 1v1; DT | 12 | 120 | HR | %HRMax; %HRAvg; %Time spent 80–89% HRMax; %Time spent 90–100% HRMax; SHRZ | Suunto Team Pack (Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland); 5-s SF; NR | Team’s average by tasks (1v1; defense): %HRMax: 93.3 ± 4.9; 94.1 ± 5.6 %HRAvg: 83.6 ± 6.3; 85.1 ± 6.5 %Time spent at 80–89% HRMax: 43.7 ± 20.2; 40. ± 23.8 %Time spent at 90–100% HRMax: 25.7 ± 29.3; 45.2 ± 31.7 SHRZ: 3.8 ± 0.6; 4.3 ± 0.5 |
| Adrianova et al. (2021) [61] (10; Pro; 23 ± 3) |
G | 5v5 OG | 89 | NR | HR | HRMax, HRAvg, number of kcal | Polar Team System HR sensors H10 (Polar, Kemple, Finland); NR; NR | Player’s average by season: season 2018/19; season 2019/20 HRMax: 197; 187 HRAvg: 137.7; 140.3 Total kcal: 875.7; 972.6 Kcal/min: 41.6; 46.9 |
| Brini et al. (2021) [44] (12; Pro; 24.8 ± 1.8) |
P | SSG | NR | NR | HR | HRAvg | Polar Team System (Polar, Kemple, Finland); 5-s SF; NR | HRAvg: 187.1.7 |
| Espasa-Labrador et al. (2021) [4] (13; E, Y; 16.3 ± 1) |
P | FCS | 35 | 164 | HR | SHRZ; TRIMP; | Polar Team Pro System (Polar, Kemple, Finland); 200Hz SF; chest | Player’s average during session: SHRZ: 276.1 ± 61.9 TRIMPB: 61.7 ± 10.1 |
| Piñar et al. (2021) [47] (13; Pro; 25.2 ± 7.3) |
P; G | P: NR G: 5v5 OG |
28 | NR | HR | NR | M400 Polar (Polar, Kemple, Finland); NR; NR | NR |
| Vencúrik et al. (2021) [32] (18; Y, Pro; 18.8 ± 1.9) |
P; G | P: NR G: 5v5 OG |
14 | 122 | HR | % of time spend in three different HR zones | Suunto Team; Pack telemetry system (Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland); 2-s; NR | NR |
| Batalla-Gavalda et al. (2022) [56] (10; A; 21.3 ± 2.71) |
P; G | P: FCS G: 5v5 OG |
NR | P: NR G: 68 |
HR | HRAvg | Suunto Team Pack (Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland); NR; NR | Player’s average during 10 games: HRMin: 125.2 ± 10.9 HRAvg: 140.4 ± 11.1 HRMax: 147.3 ± 10.6 |
| Gutiérrez-Vargas et al. (2022) [33] (32; E, Y; 16.2 ± 1) |
G | 5v5 OG | NR | NR | HR | HRMax, % time spent in five different HR zones | Garmin™; NR; NR | Average values by position: team; guards; forwards; centers Winning game: HRMax: 188.3 ± 17.3; 188 ± 23.6; 188 ± 17.7; 189 ± 10.6 50–60% HR: 6.7 ± 14.1; 6 ± 16; ±7 ± 13.8 60–70% HR: 9.1 ± 11.3; 12.8 ± 13.2; 6.4 ± 7.5; 8.1 ± 13.1 70–80% HR: 15.8 ± 13.6; 21 ± 17.9; 16.5 ± 14.2; 10 ± 8.7 80–90% HR: 30.9 ± 17.8; 32 ± 21.2; 31.5 ± 15.9; 21.1 ± 16.4 >90% HR: 21.2 ± 15.9; 16.4 ± 17.4; 24.2 ± 15.5; 28.9 ± 14.9 Losing game: HRMax: 189.2 ± 16.2; 189.5 ± 20.7; 188.7 ± 14; 189.6 ± 16.1; 50–60% HR: 8.4 ± 19.2; 12.2 ± 22.6; 7.5 ± 19.0; 5.6 ± 16.1; 60–70% HR: 8.25 ± 12.4; 8.2 ± 10.6; 7.4 ± 9.2; 9.1 ± 17.2; 70–80% HR: 11.9 ± 10.5; 12.1 ± 10.7; 13.9 ± 11.9; 9.8 ± 9; 80–90% HR: 29.9 ± 17.8; 29.3 ± 17.3; 32.1 ± 17.7; 28.1 ± 18.5 >90% HR: 24.4 ± 16; 22.4 ± 15.5; 23.7 ± 16.2; 27 ± 16.3 |
| Willberg et al. (2022) [37] (37; Pro; 23.5 ± 4.1) |
G | 5v5 OG 3v3 OG |
NR | NR | HR | HRMax, HRAvg, time spent in eight different HR zones | Vector Elite Vest (Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia); 10 Hz; Upper body | Team’s average by type of competition: HRAvg; Dominant HR Zone 5v5 OG: 6 ± 2; 151.4 ± 22.7; 160–180 (zone 7) 3v3 OG: NR; 160.8 ± 16.1; 160–180 (zone 7) |
NR: not reported; A: amateur; E: elite; Y: youth; Pro: professional; G: game; P: practice; 5v5: five versus five players; 4v4: four versus four players; 3v3: three versus three players; 2v2: two versus two players; 1v1: two versus two players; SSG: small side game; FC: full-court task; HC: half-court task; ST: superiority (offense) task; WD: without defense; DT: defensive task; SG: simulated game conditions; HR: heart rate (beats per minute); HRMax: maximal heart rate (beats per minute); HRAvg: average heart rate (beats per minute); HRMin: minimal heart rate (beats per minute); HRPlay: heart rate playing (beats per minute); HRRest: heart rate resting (beats per minute); >85%HRMax: time spent over 85% of individual maximal heart rate; SHRZ: summated heart rate zones; TRIMPB: Banister’s training impulses; U(13,18,20): under age group; SF: sampling frequency; Z1: time spent in zone 1 of heart rate; Z2: time spent in zone 2 of heart rate; Z3: time spent in zone 3 of heart rate; Z4: time spent in zone 4 of heart rate; Z5: time spent in zone 5 of heart rate; Z6: time spent in zone 6 of heart rate; kcal: kilo calories; Q1: 1st quarter; Q2: 2nd quarter; Q3: 3rdquarter; Q4: 4th quarter; AU: arbitrary units.