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. 2023 Apr 30;23(9):4430. doi: 10.3390/s23094430

Table 1.

The performance of MGO using the IoT security datasets. (Note: bold indicate best results).

Train Test
Accuracy Precision F1 Recall GM Accuracy Precision F1 Recall GM
KDD99 GO 98.515 93.483 92.652 91.835 92.655 90.615 84.249 83.797 83.350 83.798
WOA 92.275 92.414 97.304 93.126 92.769 84.375 82.501 87.351 85.225 83.852
TSO 95.439 91.027 97.437 94.919 92.953 87.536 80.791 87.479 87.016 83.846
GWO 95.513 94.062 98.482 92.383 93.219 87.618 84.131 88.533 84.488 84.310
MFO 96.073 97.631 98.371 97.123 97.377 88.175 87.763 88.420 89.225 88.491
FFA 91.988 97.328 91.538 93.368 95.328 84.318 91.609 84.285 85.698 88.604
RSA 99.910 99.909 99.906 99.910 99.910 92.040 89.684 89.985 92.040 90.855
MGO 99.910 99.959 99.946 99.933 99.946 92.040 90.841 90.941 91.040 90.941
NSL-KDD GO 97.108 95.104 93.017 91.020 93.040 70.224 72.200 69.794 67.544 69.833
WOA 91.947 92.080 96.968 92.797 92.438 67.951 71.131 68.907 68.801 69.956
TSO 95.078 90.657 97.067 94.558 92.587 71.330 71.298 69.697 70.810 71.053
GWO 95.182 93.724 98.143 92.052 92.884 71.066 72.151 69.948 67.936 70.012
MFO 95.745 97.297 98.035 96.795 97.046 71.626 76.122 69.844 72.676 74.379
FFA 91.660 96.991 91.201 93.040 94.995 67.437 75.873 62.944 68.817 72.259
RSA 99.201 99.158 99.148 99.201 99.180 76.107 82.171 71.731 76.107 79.081
MGO 99.214 99.458 99.437 99.416 99.437 76.725 83.105 79.759 76.672 79.824
BIoT GO 99.068 99.107 99.076 99.045 99.076 99.141 98.100 98.371 98.644 98.372
WOA 99.472 99.472 99.472 99.472 99.472 98.956 98.957 99.005 98.964 98.960
TSO 99.460 99.459 99.459 99.460 99.460 98.986 98.941 99.005 98.981 98.961
GWO 99.477 99.476 99.476 99.477 99.477 98.990 98.975 99.019 98.959 98.967
MFO 99.480 99.480 99.480 99.480 99.480 98.998 99.013 99.020 99.009 99.011
FFA 99.479 99.478 99.478 99.479 99.478 98.954 99.007 98.949 98.968 98.987
RSA 98.829 98.829 98.829 98.829 98.829 99.020 99.098 99.070 99.038 99.068
MGO 99.629 99.529 99.629 99.729 99.629 99.220 99.188 99.218 99.248 99.218
CIC2017 GO 99.130 99.239 99.204 99.170 99.204 99.170 99.020 99.215 99.410 99.215
WOA 99.690 99.490 99.450 99.690 99.590 99.430 99.240 99.190 99.430 99.335
TSO 99.680 99.750 99.680 99.710 99.730 99.420 99.480 99.420 99.450 99.465
GWO 99.370 99.430 99.380 99.560 99.495 99.110 99.180 99.120 99.300 99.240
MFO 99.360 99.370 99.480 99.430 99.400 99.100 99.120 99.220 99.170 99.145
FFA 99.450 99.480 99.600 99.740 99.610 99.200 99.220 99.350 99.490 99.355
RSA 99.911 99.910 99.889 99.911 99.910 99.911 99.907 99.888 99.911 99.909
MGO 99.941 99.920 99.926 99.931 99.926 99.941 99.947 99.942 99.936 99.942