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. 2023 May 12;13:7724. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34224-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Variability in stem vulnerability to xylem embolism over the course of the growing season. Mean spring and summer vulnerability curves (VCs), expressed as percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC, %), in four Vitis vinifera varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Merlot, and Syrah), one hybrid variety (Regent), and one rootstock (110R). Spring and summer VCs are colored in green and red, respectively. Shaded bands represent standard errors. Horizontal dotted lines indicate the 50% embolism threshold, while red double-headed arrows and red values depict the change in Ψ₅₀ over the course of the growing season (i.e. ontogenic effect). Measurements were conducted on one-year-old plants. See Supplementary Table S10 for sample sizes, means ± SE and results of statistical tests.