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. 2023 May 12;13:7745. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31373-6

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies (N = 16).

Author name, publication year, country Study name Follow-up period Study size Sex Age Number of cases Assessment of height and weight Exposure and subgroup Comparison RR (95% CI) Adjustment for confounders
Camargo CA et al., 1999, USA The Nurses’ Health Study II 1991–1995, 4 years follow up 85911 Women 26–46 years 1596 Self-reported (validated) BMI <20 kg/m2 0.9 (0.7–1.1) Age, race, US region, smoking status, physical activity, total energy intake, hysterectomy status, birth weight, and duration of breastfeeding
20.0–22.4 1.0
22.5–24.9 1.1 (1.0–1.3)
25.0–27.4 1.6 (1.3–1.9)
27.5–29.9 1.7 (1.4–2.0)
≥30.0 2.7 (2.3–3.1)
Weight change since age 18 years <− 5 kg 0.8 (0.6–1.1)
− 5 to − 2.1 0.8 (0.6–1.1)
− 2 to 2 1.0
2.1 to 5 0.9 (0.8–1.2)
5.1 to 10 1.1 (0.9–1.3)
10.1 to 20 1.4 (1.2–1.7)
20.1 to 25 2.0 (1.6–2.5)
>25 2.5 (2.0–3.1)
Beckett WS et al., 2001, USA CARDIA study 1986–1996, 10 years follow-up 4532 Men and women 18–30 434 Measured BMI percentiles 1–19 1.09 (0.78–1.51) Age, race, sex, centre, and maximal education
20–39 1.00
40–59 0.99 (0.71–1.37)
60–79 1.10 (0.80–1.53)
80–100 1.21 (0.88–1.68)
Chen Y et al, 2002, Canada Canadian National Population Health Surveys 1994–1996, 2 years follow-up 4883 Women 20–64 years 127 Self-reported BMI <20.0 kg/m2 0.62 (0.24–1.62) Age, smoking, pet(s) at home, immigrant status, history of allergy, income adequacy, and alcohol drinking
20.0–24.9 1.00
25.0–29.9 1.25 (0.72–2.18
≥30.0 1.92 (1.09–3.41)
Huovinen E et al., 2003, Finland The Finnish Twin Cohort 1982–1990, 9 years follow-up 10,597 Men and women 25–52 years 149 Self-reported BMI, men <20.0 kg/m2 0.41 (0.06–3.06) Age, atopy and respiratory symptoms
20.0–<25 1.00
≤25–30 1.07 (0.62–1.85)
≥30.0 3.47 (1.56–7.72)
BMI, women <20.0 kg/m2 1.56 (0.87–2.78)
20.0–<25 1.00
≤25–30 1.60 (0.91–2.80)
≥30.0 2.30 (0.87–6.08)
Weight change, men <− 2 kg 0.72 (0.31–1.63)
<2 1.00
2 to 10 0.98 (0.56–1.74)
>10 1.41 (0.50–3.98)
Weight change, women <− 2 kg 1.12 (0.57–2.21)
<2 1.00
2 to 10 0.95 (0.57–1.59)
>10 1.45 (0.54–3.90)
Romieu I et al., 2003, France E3N Cohort Study 1990–1993, 3 years follow-up 67229 Women 40–60 years 372 Self-reported (not validated) BMI <20.20 kg/m2 0.93 (0.66–1.31) Age, total caloric intake, physical activity, smoking status, and menopausal status.
20.20–21.41 1.00
21.42–22.68 1.22 (0.88–1.69)
22.69–24.61 1.18 (0.84–1.64)
24.62–26.99 1.46 (1.01–2.12)
≥27 2.02 (1.38–2.98)
Ford ES et al., 2004, USA First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1971–1974–1982–1984, 10 years follow-up 14407 Men and women 25–74 years 317 Measured BMI, all 18.5–<25.0 kg/m2 1.00 Age, sex (except sex-specific models), race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, recreational physical activity and nonrecreational activity
25.0–<30.0 0.95 (0.68–1.33)
30.0–<35.0 1.28 (0.83–1.96)
≥35.0 1.87 (1.12–3.13)
BMI, men 18.5–<25.0 kg/m2 1.00
25.0–<30.0 0.79 (0.47–1.34)
30.0–<35.0 1.52 (0.82–2.82)
≥35.0 1.98 (0.60–6.54)
BMI, women 18.5–<25.0 kg/m2 1.00
25.0–<30.0 1.13 (0.73–1.75)
30.0–<35.0 1.10 (0.64–1.89)
≥35.0 1.87 (1.05–3.33)
Coogan PF et al, 2009, USA Black Women’s Health study 1995–2005, 10 years follow-up 46,435 Women 21–69 years 1068 Measured BMI <20 kg/m2 0.84 (0.56–1.26) Adjusted for age, time period; current smoker, pack-years of smoking, second hand smoke, parental history of asthma, menopausal status, marital status, income, menopausal female hormone use, metabolic equivalents, BMI at age 18 years, energy intake
20–24 1.00
25–29 1.26 (1.05–1.51)
30–34 1.62 (1.32–1.98)
35–39 2.24 (1.76–2.84)
≥40 2.85 (2.19–3.72)
Weight change since age 18 years <0 kg 1.01 (0.72–1.41)
0–9 1.00
10–14 1.07 (0.84–1.37)
15–19 1.29 (1.02–1.63)
20–24 1.35 (1.07–1.71)
≥25 1.88 (1.54–2.28)
Hjellvik V et al., 2010, Norway Norwegian Health Survey 2004–2007, 3 years follow up 118723 Men and women 40 years 4049 Measured BMI <20 kg/m2 1.0 (0.9–1.2) Age, sex, education, physical activity, disability pension, urban/rural status, smoking status
20–24.9 1.0
25–29.9 1.3 (1.2–1.4)
30–34.9 1.8 (1.6–2.0)
≥35 2.4 (2.0–2.9)
Korda RJ et al., 2012, Australia 45 and Up Study 2006–2009, 2.3 years follow up 246361 Men and women 45-≥80 years 275 Self-reported data (validated) BMI, age 45–64 years 18.5–<25 kg/m2 1.00 Age, sex, area of residence, education, pre-tax annual household income, smoking, alcohol intake, private health insurance
25.0–<30 2.30 (1.41–3.75)
≥30 3.97 (2.48–6.36)
BMI, age 65–79 years 18.5–<25 kg/m2 1.00
25.0–<30 0.84 (0.50–1.41)
≥30 1.64 (0.98–2.73)
BMI, age≥80 years 18.5–<25 kg/m2 1.00
25.0–<30 1.69 (0.80–3.56)
≥30 3.06 (1.35–6.94)
Brumpton B et al., 2012, Norway HUNT study 1997–2008, 11 years follow-up 23245 Men and women 19–55 years 818 Measured BMI, women 25.0 kg/m2 1.00 Age, smoking, physical activity, education, family history
25.0–29.9 1.44 (1.18–1.76)
≥30.0 1.96 (1.52–2.52)
Per 5 kg/m2 1.32 (1.19–1.45)
BMI, men 25.0 kg/m2 1.00
25.0–29.9 1.21 (0.93–1.58)
≥30.0 1.84 (1.30–2.59)
Per 5 kg/m2 1.38 (1.17–1.62)
WC, Women <80.0 cm 1.00
80–87.9 1.30 (1.04–1.62)
≥88 1.88 (1.51–2.34)
Per 10 cm 1.28 (1.18–1.38)
WC, men <80.0 cm 1.00
80–87.9 1.15 (0.87–1.52)
≥88 1.55 (1.08–2.21)
Per 10 cm 1.23 (1.08–1.41)
Leone N et al., 2012, France The 3C study NA-NA, 4 years follow-up 6267 Men and women >65 years 67 Measured WC <94/80 cm 1.00 Age, centre, educational level, smoking status, physical ability, cardiovascular disease history, dyspnoea, and chronic bronchitis symptoms.
94/80–102/88 2.69 (1.21–5.98)
≥102/88 3.84 (1.55–9.49)
Assad N et al, 2013, USA CARDIA study 1985–2010, 25 years follow-up 4619 Men and women Mean age 24.9 years 602 Measured BMI, all Per 5 kg/m2 1.14 (1.06–1.22) Age, race, smoking, and physical activity
BMI, men Per 5 kg/m2 1.08 (0.92–1.27)
BMI, women Per 5 kg/m2 1.15 (1.06–1.26)
Tomita Y et al, 2018, Japan Health insurance claims and health checkups 2012–2015, ~3 years follow-up 9888 Men and women 40–64 years 424 Measured BMI, men <18.4 kg/m2 0.64 (0.20 - 2.04) Age, smoking status, allergic rhinitis, and metabolic syndrome
18.5–24.9 1.00
25–29.9 1.10 (0.76 - 1.59)
≥30.0 0.94 (0.44 - 1.98)
BMI, women <18.4 kg/m2 1.03 (0.66 - 1.59)
18.5–24.9 1.00
25–29.9 2.02 (1.38 - 2.96)
≥ 30.0 2.65 (1.26 - 5.54)
WC, men ≤ 84.9 cm 1.00
85–89.9 0.97 (0.59 - 1.60)
≥ 90 0.89 (0.52 - 1.53)
WC, women ≤ 84.9 cm 1.00
85–89.9 1.34 (0.87 - 2.07)
≥ 90 2.33 (1.37 - 3.96)
Park S et al., 2019, Korea National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort 2004–2013, 9 years follow-up 459529 Men and women ≥40 years 53371 Measured BMI, men <18.5 kg/m2 1.32 (1.23–1.43) Age, insurance type, household income, smoking, drinking, physical activity
18.5–< 23 1.00
23–< 25 1.00 (0.96–1.03)
25–< 30 1.04 (1.07–1.07)
≥ 30.0 1.23 (1.13–1.34)
BMI, women <18.5 kg/m2 0.94 (0.87–1.03)
18.5–<23 1.00
23–<25 1.11 (1.07–1.14)
25–<30 1.24 (1.21–1.28)
≥30.0 1.40 (1.32–1.48)
WC, men <80 cm 1.00
80–<90 1.05 (0.99–1.12)
90–<100 1.13 (1.05–1.21)
≥100 1.34 (1.16–1.57)
WC, women <75 cm 1.00
75–<85 1.14 (1.08–1.21)
85–<95 1.23 (1.14–1.32)
≥95 1.19 (1.03–1.37)
Wang H et al, 2020, China Shandong Multi-Center Health Check-up Longitudinal Study 1999–2000–2015–2016, 12 years follow-up 42304 Men and women ≥20 years 90 Measured BMI, men <25 kg/m2 1.00 Age, smoking and drinking status
25–<30 0.78 (0.44–1.39)
≥30 0.77 (0.27–2.21)
BMI, women <25 kg/m2 1.00
25–<30 2.71 (1.31–5.61)
≥30 6.41 (2.34–17.54)
Wang T et al., 2021, USA National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000–2015–2016, 10 years follow-up 20771 Men and women 40–74 years 627 Measured height, self-reported recalled weight Weight change since age 25 years <− 2.5 kg 0.91 (0.53–1.56) Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income-poverty level, smoking status, family history of asthma
− 2.5 to <2.5 1.00
2.5 to <10 0.99 (0.73–1.34)
10 to <20 1.19 (0.88–1.60)
≥20 1.53 (1.15–2.03)

WC = waist circumference.