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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2022 Nov 21;15(3):e1870. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1870

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Different strategies to promote tumor killing using proteinaceous nanovaccines. A) Direct in situ injection of CPMV initiates an innate immune response, which goes on to potentiate a systemic adaptive response against the tumor causing tumor death. B) TAA can be conjugated to the outer capsid of bacteriophages such as E2, which can initiate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactions through both MHC-II and MHC-I epitope presentation, respectively. C) Viral vectors can carry plasmids which instruct cells to produce a range of proteins such as antibodies, TAA, cytokines/chemokines, and enzymes that go on to promote tumor cell death with varying mechanisms. Abbreviations: CPMV = cowpea mosaic virus, APC = antigen presenting cell, CD4+ = cluster of differentiation 4, CD8+ = cluster of differentiation 8, IL-2 = interleukin-2, IFNγ = interferon-γ, TNFα = tissue necrosis factor α, PFN = perforin, GzmB = granzyme B, MHC-I = major histocompatibility complex class I, MHC-II = major histocompatibility complex class II, ER = endoplasmic reticulum.