Table 1. Characteristics of Included Studies.
| Source | Study design | No. of participants | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bailit et al,24 2015 | Retrospective cohort | 24 027 | Nulliparous women with a singleton vertex nonanomalous pregnancy |
| Cheng et al,25 2012 | Retrospective cohort | 61 712 | Nulliparous women delivering between 39 and 42 weeks of gestation |
| Darney et al,26 2013 | Retrospective cohort | 151 707 | Women with a singleton pregnancy |
| Gibbs Pickens et al,20 2018 | Retrospective cohort | 108 662 | Women with a BMI >30 and a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation |
| Gibson et al,27 2014 | Cross-sectional | 51 600 | Women with a singleton pregnancy in vertex presentation |
| Grobman et al,10 2018 | Randomized clinical trial | 6096 | Low-risk nulliparous women with a nonanomalous singleton pregnancy in vertex presentation |
| Lappen et al,28 2015 | Retrospective cohort | 3968 | Women with a singleton pregnancy undergoing a trial of labor after a previous cesarean section |
| Lee et al,21 2016 | Retrospective cohort | 37 723 | Women with a BMI >30 with a singleton pregnancy and no preexisting comorbidities |
| Palatnik and Kominiarek,29 2020 | Retrospective cohort | 9375 | Women recruited to the consortium safe labor database with a BMI >30 and a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation |
| Park et al,30 2022 | Retrospective cohort | 50 229 | Women with a singleton pregnancy and one prior cesarean section birth |
| Sinkey et al,31 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 2626 | Low-risk nulliparous women with a nonanomalous singleton pregnancy in vertex presentation |
| Souter et al,32 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 27 751 | Women with a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation without gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes or hypertension |
| Stock et al,33 2012 | Retrospective cohort | 827 404 | Women with a singleton pregnancy without preexisting disease or a previous adverse pregnancy outcome |
| Zenzmaier et al,34 2021 | Retrospective cohort | 235 076 | Women with a singleton pregnancy without indications for medical induction of labor |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).