Table 1.

Animal studies on ELA and cognitive impairment

ELA model	Species/sex	Period of exposure	Time of outcome measurement	Cognitive outcome	References
LBN	Sprague Dawley rats/male	PND 2–9	4–5, and 12 months of age	At 12 months of age↓	[57]
Chronic stress	Wistar rats/male	PND 26–28	2 and 3 months of age	↓	[41]
LBN	Sprague Dawley rats/male	PND 2–9	10–12 months of age	↓	[58]
LBN	CRF1-CKO mice or wild type mice/male	PND 2–9	6 months of age	↓	[56]
MD	Wistar rats/male and female	PND 9	PND 40	Male↓; Female↓↓	[49]
LBN	C57Bl/6J mice	PND 2–9	5 months of age	Male↓↓; Female↓	[59]
Foot shock	Wistar rats/male	PND 21–26	Adulthood	↓	[60]
MS	Sprague Dawley rats/male and female	PND 2–21	PND 55	↓	[50]
Single prolonged stress	Sprague Dawley rats/male	PND 25	PND 32, 60 and 90	At PND 32 and 60↓	[61]
MD	Wistar rats/female	PND 3	12–17 weeks of age	↓	[51]
Foot shock	Wistar rats/male	PND 21–27	10 weeks of age	↓	[44]
MS	Balb/cJ and C57Bl/6J mice/male and female	PND 2–15	2 months of age	↓	[52]
MD	C57BL/6J mice/male	PND 2–14	2.5 months and 1.4 years of age	At 2.5 months of age↓ and 1.4 years of age↓↓	[22]
MD	Sprague Dawley rats/male and female	PND 9	PND 74	↓	[53]
MD	Sprague Dawley rats/male and female	PND 2–14	PND 21 and 25	Male↓	[55]
MD	C57BL/6 mice/female	PND 2–14	Adulthood	↓	[54]

ELA early life adversity; LBN limited bedding and nesting conditions; MS maternal separation; MD maternal deprivation; PND postnatal day

The symbol “↓” represents a decrease, and “↓↓” indicates a more significant decrease