Table 3.
Animal studies on ELA and Alzheimer’s disease
| ELA model | Species/sex | Period of exposure | Time of outcome measurement | Cognitive outcome/AD pathology | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS | Wistar rats/male | PND 2–21 | Adulthood |
Cognitive outcome↓ AD pathology↑ |
[82] |
| LBN | APPswe/PS1dE9 mice/male | PND 2–9 | 4 and 10 months of age | At 10 months of age, AD pathology↑ | [76] |
| MS | APPswe/PS1dE9 mice/male | PND 2–21 | 9 months of age |
Cognitive outcome↓ AD pathology↑ |
[80] |
| LBN | APPswe/PS1dE9 mice/male | PND 2–9 | 6 and 9 months of age |
Cognitive outcome↓ AD pathology↑ |
[78] |
| LBN | APPswe/PS1dE9 mice/male | PND 2–9 | 6 and 12 months of age |
Cognitive outcome↓ AD pathology↑ |
[79] |
| LBN | APPswe/PS1dE9 mice/male | PND 2–9 | 4 and 10 months of age | AD pathology↑ | [77] |
| MS | AppNL−G−F mice/male | PND 2–15 | 1.5 and 4 months of age |
Cognitive outcome↓ AD pathology↑ |
[81] |
AD Alzheimer’s disease; ELA early life adversity; LBN limited bedding and nesting conditions; MS maternal separation; PND postnatal day
The symbol “↓” represents a decrease, and “↑” indicates an increase