Table 4.

Clinical data on ELA, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia

Type of study design	Subjects	Stressors	Follow-up	Diagnosis of AD/other dementias	References
Longitudinal study	4108 subjects, 65–105 years of age	Parental death	18 months	↑	[83]
Cross-sectional study	296 subjects, 66.1 (± 5.8) years of age	Assessed by the childhood trauma questionnaire	Not applicable	↑	[24]
Longitudinal study	2682 men, 42 and 61 years of age	Living in custody or an orphanage, experience of crisis in childhood, having problems with teachers, and emigrating because of war.	Not applicable	↑	[84]
Cohort study	17,412 subjects, 65 years of age or older	Assessed by the adverse childhood experience questionnaire	3 years	↑	[85]
Cohort study	16,821 subjects, 65 years of age or older	Assessed by the adverse childhood experience questionnaire	3 years	↑	[86]
Cross-sectional study	1488 subjects, 65 years of age or older	Assessed by the adverse childhood experience questionnaire	Not applicable	↑	[87]
Cross-sectional study	1755 men, 57.2 (± 13.5) years of age	Assessed by the adverse childhood experiences questionnaire	Not applicable	↑	[88]

AD Alzheimer’s disease; ELA early life adversity

The symbol “↑” represents an increased diagnosis of AD/other dementias