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. 2023 May 13:1–2. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s11739-023-03302-y

Table 3.

Information on antibiotic treatment; antibiotic classes are presented according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)-classification system (J01 level 2) [13]

Ward ICU Total
Reasons for initiation of antibiotic treatment (n, %)
 Empirically 10 (10) 0 (0) 8 (5)
 COPDa 2 (2) 6 (8) 8 (5)
 Positive microbiological sample 25 (25) 11 (16) 36 (22)
 Radiological consolidation 47 (47) 38 (55) 85 (51)
 Persistent/rising fever or inflammation 3 (3) 9 (13) 12 (7)
 Persistent/rising oxygen need 2 (2) 1 (1) 3 (2)
 Otherb 11 (11) 4 (6) 15 (9)
Information on AB treatment, (median, IQR)
 Number of AB treatments per admission 1 (0) 2 (2) 1 (1)
 Days of AB treatment per admission 5 (3) 8 (9) 5 (5)
 Lag time before AB initiation per admission 6 (6) 10 (8.8) 7 (8)
Total DDDc (n, %) 690.7 (45.1) 841.8 (54.9) 1532.5 (100)
 Beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillins 1.2 (0.2) 56.8 (6.7) 58 (3.8)
 Beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillin, with inhibitor 622 (90.2) 473.6 (56.3) 1095.6 (71.5)
 Other beta-lactam antibiotics 30 (4.4) 188.2 (22.4) 218.2 (14.2)
 Sulphonamides and trimethoprim NAd 18.5 (2.2) 18.5 (1.2)
 Macrolides (azithromycin excluded) 35.5 (5.1) 6.5 (0.8) 42 (2.7)
 Aminoglycosides NA 12.8 (1.5) 12.8 (0.8)
 Quinolones 2 (0.3) 61.2 (7.3) 63.2 (4.1)
 Other antibacterials NA 24.2 (2.9) 24.2 (1.6)
DDD/admission
 Betalactam antibiotics, penicillins 0.004 0.611 0.135
 Penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitor 1.851 5.092 2.554
 Other beta-lactam antibiotics 0.089 2.024 0.509
 Sulphonamides and trimethoprim 0.199 0.043
 Macrolides (azithromycin excluded) 0.106 0.070 0.098
Aminoglycosides 0.138 0.030
 Quinolones 0.006 0.658 0.147
 Other antibacterials 0.260 0.056
DDD/100 bed days
 Betalactam antibiotics, penicillins 0.042 2.793 1.191
 Penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitor 21.948 23.284 22.506
 Other beta-lactam antibiotics 1.059 9.253 4.482
 Sulphonamides and trimethoprim 0.910 0.380
 Macrolides (azithromycin excluded) 1.253 0.320 0.863
 Aminoglycosides 0.629 0.263
 Quinolones 0.071 3.009 1.298
 Other antibacterials 1.190 0.497