Table 3.
Information on antibiotic treatment; antibiotic classes are presented according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)-classification system (J01 level 2) [13]
| Ward | ICU | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reasons for initiation of antibiotic treatment (n, %) | |||
| Empirically | 10 (10) | 0 (0) | 8 (5) |
| COPDa | 2 (2) | 6 (8) | 8 (5) |
| Positive microbiological sample | 25 (25) | 11 (16) | 36 (22) |
| Radiological consolidation | 47 (47) | 38 (55) | 85 (51) |
| Persistent/rising fever or inflammation | 3 (3) | 9 (13) | 12 (7) |
| Persistent/rising oxygen need | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) |
| Otherb | 11 (11) | 4 (6) | 15 (9) |
| Information on AB treatment, (median, IQR) | |||
| Number of AB treatments per admission | 1 (0) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) |
| Days of AB treatment per admission | 5 (3) | 8 (9) | 5 (5) |
| Lag time before AB initiation per admission | 6 (6) | 10 (8.8) | 7 (8) |
| Total DDDc (n, %) | 690.7 (45.1) | 841.8 (54.9) | 1532.5 (100) |
| Beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillins | 1.2 (0.2) | 56.8 (6.7) | 58 (3.8) |
| Beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillin, with inhibitor | 622 (90.2) | 473.6 (56.3) | 1095.6 (71.5) |
| Other beta-lactam antibiotics | 30 (4.4) | 188.2 (22.4) | 218.2 (14.2) |
| Sulphonamides and trimethoprim | NAd | 18.5 (2.2) | 18.5 (1.2) |
| Macrolides (azithromycin excluded) | 35.5 (5.1) | 6.5 (0.8) | 42 (2.7) |
| Aminoglycosides | NA | 12.8 (1.5) | 12.8 (0.8) |
| Quinolones | 2 (0.3) | 61.2 (7.3) | 63.2 (4.1) |
| Other antibacterials | NA | 24.2 (2.9) | 24.2 (1.6) |
| DDD/admission | |||
| Betalactam antibiotics, penicillins | 0.004 | 0.611 | 0.135 |
| Penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitor | 1.851 | 5.092 | 2.554 |
| Other beta-lactam antibiotics | 0.089 | 2.024 | 0.509 |
| Sulphonamides and trimethoprim | 0.199 | 0.043 | |
| Macrolides (azithromycin excluded) | 0.106 | 0.070 | 0.098 |
| Aminoglycosides | 0.138 | 0.030 | |
| Quinolones | 0.006 | 0.658 | 0.147 |
| Other antibacterials | 0.260 | 0.056 | |
| DDD/100 bed days | |||
| Betalactam antibiotics, penicillins | 0.042 | 2.793 | 1.191 |
| Penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitor | 21.948 | 23.284 | 22.506 |
| Other beta-lactam antibiotics | 1.059 | 9.253 | 4.482 |
| Sulphonamides and trimethoprim | 0.910 | 0.380 | |
| Macrolides (azithromycin excluded) | 1.253 | 0.320 | 0.863 |
| Aminoglycosides | 0.629 | 0.263 | |
| Quinolones | 0.071 | 3.009 | 1.298 |
| Other antibacterials | 1.190 | 0.497 | |