Table 1.
Clinical and pathological characteristics of the study cohort
| Variables | Value |
| Age (years) | 58 (47–66) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 496 (48.6%) |
| Male | 524 (51.4%) |
| Functional status | |
| Nonfunctional | 838 (82.2%) |
| Functional | 164 (16.1%) |
| Genetic syndrome | |
| None | 895 (87.7%) |
| MEN-1 | 85 (8.3%) |
| VHL | 10 (1.0%) |
| Symptomatic | |
| N0 | 442 (43.3%) |
| Yes | 558 (54.7%) |
| Primary location | |
| Head | 284 (27.8%) |
| Uncinated | 44 (4.3%) |
| Neck/body | 234 (22.9%) |
| Tail | 401 (39.3%) |
| Multiple | 51 (5.0%) |
| Multiple tumor nodules | |
| Single | 909 (89.1%) |
| Multiple | 106 (10.4%) |
| Tumor size (cm) 2.1 (1.4–3.5) | |
| Lymph nodes metastasis | |
| No | 623 (61.1%) |
| Yes | 235 (23.0%) |
| Ki-67 category | |
| <3% | 412 (40.4%) |
| 3–20% | 249 (24.4%) |
| >20% | 26 (2.5%) |
| Tumor differentiation | |
| Well | 781 (76.6%) |
| Moderately | 89 (8.7%) |
| Poorly | 20 (2.0%) |
| Surgical technique | |
| Open | 778 (76.3%) |
| Laparoscopic/robotic | 239 (23.4%) |
| Type of resection | |
| Enucleation | 107 (10.5%) |
| Classic PD | 129 (12.6%) |
| Pylorus preserving PD | 159 (15.6%) |
| Central pancreatectomy | 32 (3.1%) |
| Distal pancreatectomy | 576 (56.5%) |
| Total pancreatectomy | 17 (1.7%) |
| Perineural invasion | 169 (16.6%) |
| Major vascular resection | 49 (4.8%) |
| Lymphadenectomy | 858 (84.1%) |
| Number of lymph node retrieved | 10 (5–16) |
| Operation time (min) | 235 (185–315) |
| Blood loss (ml) | 200 (100–400) |
| Margin status | |
| R0 | 866 (84.9%) |
| R1 | 154 (15.1%) |
| Postoperative morbidity | 544 (53.3%) |
| Severe complication (III–V) | 225 (22.1%) |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 25 (2.5%) |