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. 2023 May 13;14(5):325. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05846-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A The protein levels of APP and SNCA in cortical lysates from WT, APP KO (APP-deficient), SNCA KO (SNCA-deficient) and DKO (APP- and SNCA-deficient) rats were measured by western blotting. The molecular weight of each protein is provided on the right. FL-APP was completely absent in the APP KO rat cortex, and α-synuclein was completely absent in the SNCA KO rat cortex. DKO rats lacked both APP and SNCA proteins. B–E MWM test with 3-month-old male rats. Three independent experiments including at least 5 rats per genotype were performed. The escape latency curve during the 5-day training period is shown in (B). Data from each day compared to WT rats were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 indicate significant differences, and n.s. indicates no significance. Representative tracks of individual rats in the probe trails are shown in (C). The percentage of the time spent in the target quadrant in the probe trial is shown in (D). The number of platform crossings in the probe trial is shown in (E). The data of individual rats are indicated by dots, and the mean ± SEM for each genotype is presented in (D) and (E). One-way ANOVA was used. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 indicate significant differences, and n.s. indicates no significance.