Table 1.
Study Characteristics
| Authors/Year | Region/Country | Study Type | Population (Number) | Average Age (Years Old) | Daily Mean Concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m3) | Lag (Days) | Outcome: Observed Change (Change per 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 Increase in Pollutant When Applicable) | Statistical Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu Ma/200822 | Yotsukaido, Japan | Cohort study | Children with severe asthma (19) | Mean age 12.9 | 22.6 | Lag0–1 | PEF:-3.40L/min (95% CI:-6.47, −0.33) | Generalized Estimating Equation model |
| BingYu /201023 | Taiwan,China | Cohort study | Healthy, asthmatic, and allergic rhinitis school children (100) | Mean age 10.6 | 28.2 | Lag0–1 | FVC:-0.16L (95% CI:-0.23, −0.08) FEV1:-0.12L (95% CI:-0.20, −0.05) |
Mixed-effects models |
| Yamazak /201124 | Yotsukaido, Japan | Cohort study | Children with severe asthma (17) | 8–15 | 24 | Lag0–1 | PEF:-2.96L/min (95% CI:-4.55, −1.37) | Generalized Estimating Equations |
| Ludmilla/201225 | Amazon,Brazilian | Cohort study | Healthy and asthmatic children (280) | Mean age 10.4 | 24.34 | Lag0–1 | PEF:-0.29L/min (95% CI:-0.52, −0.07) | Mixed-effects models |
| Ludmilla/201426 | Tangara,Brazil | Cohort study | Healthy and asthmatic children (220) | Mean age 10.3 | 19.6 | Lag0–4 | PEF:-0.54L/min (95% CI:-0.946, −0.137) | Mixed-effects models |
| Masanari/201627 | Matsue,Japan | Cohort study | Healthy,asthmatic,allergic rhinitis children (339) | 10–12 | 23 | Lag0–1 | PEF:-1.72 L/min (95% CI:-3.82, 0.36) | Linear mixed model |
| Dandan Xu/201828 | Nanjing, China | Cohort study | Healthy School children (86) | Mean age 9 | 84.3 | Lag0–1 | PEF:-1.76L/min (95% CI: −3.549, 0.024) FVC: −0.023L (95% CI: −0.033, −0.013) FEV1:-0.019 L (95% CI: −0.029, −0.009) |
Mixed-effects regression mode |
| Liu Weiyan/201910 | Hangzhou,China | Cohort study | Healthy school children (1685) | Mean age 9.8 | 50 | Lag0–1 | PEF:-2.34L/min (95% CI:-4.02, −0.72) | Linear mixed model |
| Dandan Xu/202029 | Zhejiang, China. | Cohort study | Healthy and asthmatic school children (848) | Mean age 9.7 | 67.58 | Lag 1 | PEF:-4.02L/min (95% CI: −5.36, −2.73) FVC:-0.034L (95% CI: −0.045, −0.023) FEV1:-0.033L (95% CI: −0.044, −0.021) |
Mixed-effects regression mode |
| Yang Xiaoyan/202011 | Beijing, China | Cohort study | Healthy school children (51) | 9–12 | 57.75 | Lag4 | PEF:-0.49L/min (95% CI:-2.84, 1.87) FVC:-0.033L (95% CI:-0.050, −0.015) FEV1:0.003L (95% CI:−0.015, 0.020) |
Linear mixed effects model |
| WU Xingbin/202030 | Jinan, China | Cohort study | Healthy school children (484) | Not reported | 90 | Lag0–1 | PEF:-1.54L/min (95% CI:-2.33, −0.76) FVC: −0.008L (95% CI:-0.014, −0.003) FEV1:-0.008L (95% CI:-0.012,-0.003) |
Multiple linear regression model |
Abbreviations: PEF, peak expiratory flow; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, the forced expiratory volume in one second; CI, confidence interval.