Table 2.
Difference in Resilience Assessed by 7-Day/24-Hour ABPM, Sleep, Wellbeing and Laboratory Examinations Related to Circadian-Circasemidian Interval of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Between Group A and Group C Participants
| Group A Short Coupling, <5.66 Hours (~ 4.5 Hours) | Group C Long Coupling, >6.5 Hours (~ 8.0 Hours) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n | Mean | SD | Correlation Coefficient | P-value | n | Mean | SD | Correlation Coefficient | P-value | |
| Citizens’ characteristics | Age (years) | 81 | 56.2 | 12.1 | −0.5231 | <0.00001 | 84 | 60.14 | 11.18 | 0.1450 | 0.18618 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 81 | 23.2 | 3.2 | 0.1265 | 0.2605 | 83 | 23.58 | 3.36 | 0.0936 | 0.40004 | |
| 7-day/24-h ABPM | SBP 7-day/24-h day average (mmHg) | 73 | 125.6 | 11.9 | −0.1772 | 0.1338 | 84 | 127.12 | 14.44 | 0.1511 | 0.1701 |
| SBP 7-day daytime average (mmHg) | 73 | 131.8 | 12.9 | −0.0940 | 0.4291 | 74 | 136.93 | 15.82 | 0.0604 | 0.6094 | |
| SBP 7-day nighttime average (mmHg) | 73 | 106.9 | 12.7 | −0.4152 | 0.0003 | 74 | 112.38 | 16.47 | 0.3671 | 0.0013 | |
| SBP dip average (mmHg) | 73 | 18.8 | 7.1 | 0.4319 | 0.0001 | 74 | 17.90 | 7.77 | −0.4770 | <0.0001 | |
| SBP circadian period (hours) | 80 | 23.98 | 0.45 | 0.2467 | 0.0274 | 79 | 24.09 | 0.52 | 0.0495 | 0.6646 | |
| SBP 24-h Amplitude (mmHg) | 81 | 14.14 | 5.12 | 0.2984 | 0.0068 | 84 | 14.57 | 5.24 | −0.1586 | 0.1495 | |
| DBP 24-h Amplitude (mmHg) | 81 | 9.50 | 3.45 | 0.4112 | 0.0001 | 84 | 8.85 | 3.87 | −0.2600 | 0.0169 | |
| HR 24-h Amplitude (bpm) | 81 | 8.96 | 3.80 | −0.0990 | 0.3792 | 84 | 7.99 | 3.05 | 0.0876 | 0.4281 | |
| SBP 24-h Acrophase (hh:mm) | 81 | 13:31 | 1:21 | 0.5251 | <0.00001 | 84 | 14:53 | 1:57 | 0.3293 | 0.0022 | |
| DBP 24-h Acrophase (hh:mm) | 81 | 13:38 | 1:27 | 0.3148 | 0.0042 | 84 | 14:24 | 1:48 | 0.2401 | 0.0278 | |
| HR 24-h Acrophase (hh:mm) | 81 | 14:45 | 1:20 | 0.1907 | 0.0882 | 84 | 15:10 | 2:10 | −0.1465 | 0.1835 | |
| Home BP | Morning HBP SBP (mmHg) | 79 | 126.9 | 14.2 | −0.4478 | <0.0001 | 81 | 129.07 | 15.57 | 0.0922 | 0.4129 |
| Morning HBP DBP (mmHg) | 79 | 79.9 | 8.5 | −0.2950 | 0.0083 | 81 | 80.87 | 9.76 | −0.0978 | 0.3852 | |
| Morning HBP Pulse (bpm) | 79 | 68.4 | 9.1 | 0.0219 | 0.8479 | 81 | 66.58 | 8.23 | −0.2950 | 0.0075 | |
| Sleep | Sleep duration (min) | 81 | 454.7 | 64.1 | −0.2172 | 0.0515 | 84 | 467.24 | 68.02 | 0.0912 | 0.4095 |
| Time to fall asleep (min) | 76 | 22.8 | 25.4 | −0.0081 | 0.9447 | 72 | 25.64 | 24.77 | −0.0421 | 0.7257 | |
| Wellbeing | GDS15 | 77 | 3.61 | 2.99 | −0.1464 | 0.2040 | 73 | 3.68 | 2.91 | 0.3340 | 0.0039 |
| How about your health? (%) | 76 | 74.2 | 18.2 | −0.1555 | 0.1799 | 71 | 71.92 | 22.36 | −0.2161 | 0.0703 | |
| How about your mood? (%) | 68 | 69.7 | 20.0 | −0.0922 | 0.4546 | 64 | 70.81 | 19.14 | −0.0790 | 0.5351 | |
| Good relation with family? (%) | 68 | 76.9 | 21.4 | −0.1009 | 0.4129 | 64 | 83.81 | 18.49 | 0.0692 | 0.5869 | |
| Good relation with friends? (%) | 68 | 74.4 | 23.0 | −0.0461 | 0.7088 | 64 | 82.33 | 17.73 | −0.0324 | 0.7997 | |
| Economic satisfaction? (%) | 68 | 56.4 | 23.8 | −0.1127 | 0.3604 | 65 | 54.40 | 21.26 | −0.2637 | 0.0338 | |
| Life satisfaction? (%) | 68 | 65.6 | 20.7 | −0.0380 | 0.7585 | 64 | 62.52 | 21.04 | −0.3158 | 0.0110 | |
| How about happiness? (%) | 76 | 75.1 | 19.7 | 0.2319 | 0.0438 | 71 | 68.42 | 19.87 | −0.3234 | 0.0059 | |
| Laboratory Examinations | Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl) | 35 | 97.6 | 11.4 | −0.3621 | 0.0325 | 29 | 97.86 | 18.33 | −0.0619 | >0.05 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 39 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 0.0435 | 0.7924 | 28 | 5.28 | 1.38 | −0.2215 | >0.05 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 39 | 208.2 | 38.4 | 0.1887 | 0.2499 | 31 | 201.55 | 36.94 | −0.0024 | 0.9898 | |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 49 | 125.8 | 35.6 | −0.1074 | 0.4628 | 39 | 119.80 | 30.76 | 0.1165 | 0.4799 | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 50 | 62.5 | 15.8 | 0.2819 | 0.0473 | 39 | 62.65 | 14.20 | −0.0939 | 0.5696 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 50 | 107.7 | 64.2 | −0.0856 | 0.5544 | 38 | 120.30 | 86.52 | −0.0991 | 0.5540 | |
| CAVI | 44 | 8.28 | 1.26 | −0.5574 | 0.0001 | 31 | 8.31 | 1.11 | −0.0619 | 0.7408 | |
| ABI | 46 | 1.09 | 0.09 | −0.1304 | 0.3876 | 38 | 1.09 | 0.10 | 0.0299 | 0.8584 | |
Note: Cells highlighted in gray indicate statistically significant association of corresponding variable as a function of the circadian-circasemidian coupling interval, separately in Group A or C.