Table 1.

Grading systems of GM-IVH and related statistics

Grade	Papile (1978) based on CT	Volpe (2008) based on cUS	Percentage of GM-IVH	Mortality rate	Incidence of definite neurological sequelae
I	Subependymal hemorrhage	GMH with no or minimal IVH (<10% on parasagittal view)	40%	0–12%	15%
II	IVH without ventricle dilatation	IVH (10–50% on parasagittal view)	25%	2–24%	25%
III	IVH with ventricle dilatation	IVH (>50% on parasagittal view; usually distends lateral ventricle)	20%	8–32%	50%
IV	IVH with parenchymal hemorrhage	Periventricular echodensity (called PVHI)	15%	22–45%	75%

GM-IVH : germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage, CT : computed tomography, cUS : cranial ultrasound, GMH : germinal matrix hemorrhage, IVH : intraventricular hemorrhage, PVHI : periventricular hemorrhagic infarction