Table 1.

Natural sources and pharmaceutical properties of flavonols

Name	Pharmaceutical’s properties	Natural sources	Reference
Apigenin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective	Chamomile, parsley, onions, oranges, wheat sprouts	[176]
Catechin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer	Green tea, cocoa, apples, grapes, berries, and other fruits and vegetables	[11, 78, 103, 114]
Epicatechin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer	Cocoa, tea, apples, grapes, berries, and other fruits and vegetables	[11, 20, 54]
Eriodictyol	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and cardioprotective	Citrus fruits, parsley, and other fruits and vegetables	[35]
Fisetin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Strawberries, apples, persimmons, grapes, onions, cucumbers, and other fruits and vegetables	[83, 182, 183]
Hesperetin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Citrus fruits, especially oranges	[129, 158, 182, 183]
Kaempferol	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Tea, broccoli, kale, spinach, beans, berries, and other fruits and vegetables	[6, 119]
Myricetin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimalarial, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Berries, grapes, onions, tea, and other fruits and vegetables	[90, 91, 143, 146]
Naringenin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Citrus fruits, especially grapefruits	[9, 130]
Pinocembrin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Propolis, honey, and some fruits and vegetables	[39]
Procyanidins	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer	Cocoa, red wine, apples, grapes, berries, and other fruits and vegetables	[26]
Quercetin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anti-hypertension, antimalarial, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective	Onions, apples, grapes, berries, broccoli, tea, red wine, and many other fruits and vegetables	[7, 40, 134]
Rutin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Buckwheat, asparagus, citrus fruits, and other fruits and vegetables	[46, 113, 131, 174]
Silymarin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and hepatoprotective	Milk thistle	[2, 102]
Taxifolin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Milk thistle, onions, citrus fruits, and other fruits and vegetables	[133, 151, 152]
Theaflavins	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective	Black tea	[88]
Thearubigin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti tumor, anti-hypertensive	Black tea	[95]