Table 3.
Product ingredient safety index (PISI) scores on inhalation (0–3 points), dermal (0–3 points), carcinogenicity (0–4 points), and target chemicals for the risk assessment.
| Chemical name | Inhalation | Dermal | Carcinogenicity | Target chemical |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insecticide | ||||
| Deltamethrin | 2 | 0 | 0 | √b |
| Etofenprox | 2 | 0 | 0 | √ |
| Bifenthrin | 2 | 2 | 0 | √ |
| λ-cyhalothrin | 2 | 2 | 0 | √ |
| Cyfluthrin | 3 | 0 | 0 | √ |
| Permethrin | 0 | 3 | 0 | √ |
| D-phenothrin | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Cypermethrin | 0 | 3 | 0 | √ |
| Octachlorodipropylether | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Temephos | 3 | 2 | 0 | √ |
| Chlorpyrifos | 3 | 1 | 0 | √ |
| Dichlorvos | 3 | 3 | 3a | √ |
| Imidacloprid | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Hydramethylnon | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Bacillus thuringiensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Fipronil | 3 | 2 | 3 | √ |
| Disinfectant | ||||
| Benzethonium chloride | 0 | 2 | 0 | √ |
| Benzalkonium chloride | 3 | 3 | 0 | √ |
| Benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides | 3 | 3 | 0 | √ |
| Hypochlorous acid | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Isopropyl alcohol | 3 | 1 | 0 | √ |
| Ethanol | 3 | 1 | 0 | √ |
| Citric acid | 2 | 0 | 0 | √ |
| Sodium chlorite | 3 | 1 | 0 | √ |
a
The inhalation unit risk of dichlorvos was 0.083 (µg/m3)−1 (US EPA, 1989), and the dermal cancer slope factor was 3.4483 ((kg·day)/mg) (Chen et al., 2021).
b
“√” denotes a target chemical for risk assessment as they scored medium (score of 2) and high (score 3) for inhalation and dermal exposures and carcinogenicity.