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. 2023 Apr 10;3(3):100306. doi: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100306

Table 1.

Partially Distinct and Partially Overlapping Risk and Protective Factors for Progression to GA (Incidence) Versus Progression of GA (Expansion)

Progression to GA (Incidence) GA Progression (Expansion)
Shared ARMS2/HTRA1 genotype: minor allele at rs10490924 (risk factor) ARMS2/HTRA1 genotype: minor allele at rs10490924 (faster progression)
Cigarette smoking (risk factor) Cigarette smoking (faster progression)
Mediterranean dietary pattern (protective factor) Mediterranean dietary pattern (slower progression)
Phenotypic characteristics including reticular pseudodrusen and hyperreflective foci (risk factors) Phenotypic characteristics including reticular pseudodrusen and hyperreflective foci (faster progression)
Not Shared Age (risk factor) Age (no association)
CFH genotype/haplotype (risk or protective factors) CFH genotype/haplotype (no association)
Multiple other genetic variants, including C2/CFB and CFI (risk or protective factors) Multiple other genetic variants, including C2/CFB and CFI (no association)
Genetic variants at PRMT6 and LSS (no altered risk at genome-wide significance) Genetic variants at PRMT6 and LSS (altered progression rate)
Mediterranean diet food components:
  • -

    higher fish intake (protective factor; strong interaction with CFH genotype)

  • -

    higher whole grain intake (protective factor)

 Mediterranean diet food components:
  • -

    higher fish intake (no association)

  • -

    higher whole grain intake (no association)
Mediterranean diet food components:
  • -

    higher whole fruit intake (possible protective factor)

  • -

    lower red meat intake (no association)

  • -

    moderate alcohol intake (possible protective factor)

  • -

    higher MUFA: SFA intake ratio (no association)

 Mediterranean diet food components (association with slower progression for each):
  • -

    higher whole fruit intake

  • -

    lower red meat intake

  • -

    moderate alcohol intake

  • -

    higher MUFA: SFA intake ratio
Opposite Direction C3 genotype: minor allele at rs2230199 (risk factor) C3 genotype: minor allele at rs2230199 (slower progression)
APOE genotype: minor allele at rs73036519 (protective factor) APOE genotype: minor allele at rs73036519 (faster progression)
Uncertain AREDS supplements (no significant effect, with outcome as progression to GA or central GA) AREDS supplements (nominally significant slower progression for antioxidants plus zinc vs. placebo, in post hoc analyses with low power)
Local complement inhibition at C3 by pegcetacoplan (nominally significant decreased progression from iRORA to cRORA, in post hoc analyses of a phase II trial) Local complement inhibition at C3 by pegcetacoplan or C5 by avacincaptad pegol (slower progression for each)

AREDS = Age-Related Eye Disease Study; cRORA = complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy; GA = geographic atrophy; iRORA = incomplete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy; MUFA = monounsaturated fatty acid; SFA = saturated fatty acid.