Table 2.
Procedural characteristics pooled from the ARREST and PRAGUE-OHCA randomised trials.
| Procedural characteristics | Invasive (N = 139) | Standard (N = 147) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Admitted to hospital | 138 (99.3%) | 102 (69.4%) | <0.0000001 |
| Collapse-to-hospital admission interval (min), median (IQR) | 49 (44–60) | 59 (49–68.3) | <0.0001 |
| Declared dead | 13 (9.4%) | 78 (53.1%) | <0.0001 |
| In the prehospital setting | 1 (7.7%) | 46 (59.0%) | 0.0006 |
| Within 1 h from admission | 12 (92.3%) | 32 (41.0%) | |
| Collapse-to-Resuscitation End interval (death, ROSC, or ECLS) (min), median (IQR) | 58 (43.2–68.5) | 49 (33–71) | 0.17 |
| <30 min | 14 (10.7%) | 26 (18.3%) | 0.02 |
| ≥30 and <45 min | 20 (15.3%) | 33 (23.2%) | |
| ≥45 min | 97 (74.0%) | 83 (58.5%) | |
| Sustained ROSC on admission to hospital | 34 (24.5%) | 59 (40.1%) | 0.005 |
| TTM used at the ICU n/N (%) | 129/138 (93.5%) | 63/102 (61.8%) | <0.0001 |
| ECPR | |||
| ECLS implanted | 94 (67.6%) | 10 (6.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Collapse-to-ECLS (min) | 61 (55–70) | 62 (51–73) | 0.9 |
| Door-to-ECLS interval (min) | 12 (9–15) | 15 (11–17) | 0.055 |
| Invasive assessment n/N (%) | |||
| Coronary angiography | 128/136 (94.1%) | 68/83 (81.9%) | 0.006 |
| Emergency invasive interventions n/N (%) | |||
| PCI (both for ACS and CAD) | |||
| Successful | 62/68 (91.2%) | 26/32 (81.2%) | 0.19 |
| Unsuccessful | 6/68 (8.8%) | 6/32 (18.8%) | |
| Laboratory values on admission n/N (%), median (IQR) | |||
| pH | 6.94 (6.8–7.1) | 7.03 (6.9–7.2) | 0.003 |
| pH ≤ 6.85 and CPC 1 + 2 | 9/138 (6.5%) | 1/92 (1.1%) | 0.05 |
| pH ≤ 6.80 and CPC 1 + 2 | 4/138 (2.9%) | 1/92 (1.1%) | 0.65 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 12.4 (9.4–15.9) | 10.2 (7.6–13.5) | 0.006 |
| Cause of cardiac arrest (including autopsy findings) | N = 124 | N = 132 | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 64 (51.6%) | 63 (47.7%) | 0.19 |
| Coronary artery disease–chronic | 14 (11.3%) | 18 (13.6%) | |
| Pulmonary embolism | 12 (9.7%) | 12 (9.1%) | |
| Chronic heart failure | 8 (6.5%) | 6 (4.5%) | |
| Cardiomyopathy | 3 (2.4%) | 6 (4.5%) | |
| Myocarditis | 6 (4.8%) | 2 (1.5%) | |
| Aortic stenosis | 2 (1.6%) | 6 (4.5%) | |
| Aortic dissection type A | 2 (1.6%) | 2 (1.5%) | |
| Intracranial haemorrhage | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (1.5%) | |
| Bleeding–other | 3 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Accidental hypothermia | 3 (2.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 2 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Sepsis | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | |
| Other | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | |
| Unknown | 3 (2.4%) | 12 (9.1%) | |
| Cause of death | N = 89 | N = 116 | |
| Refractory arrest | 13 (14.6%) | 81 (69.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Brain death | 24 (27.0%) | 10 (8.6%) | |
| MODS | 36 (40.4%) | 17 (14.7%) | |
| Cardiogenic shock | 10 (11.2%) | 4 (3.4%) | |
| UNK | 1 (1.1%) | 4 (3.4%) | |
| Bleeding | 4 (4.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Other | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Complications n/N (%) | |||
| Bleeding -any | 43/123 (35.0%) | 10/69 (14.5%) | 0.002 |
| Fatal | 4 (9.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.6 |
| Intracranial haemorrhage | 8 (18.6%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
| Overt | 31 (72.1%) | 8 (80.0%) |
Denominators in respective groups demonstrated as N.
Bold: p value is less than the level of significance (<0.05).
Legend: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; CAD, coronary artery disease; CPC, cerebral performance category; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECLS, extracorporeal life support; EMS, emergency medical services; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PEA, pulseless electrical asystole; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; TTM, targeted temperature management; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; UNK, unknown; VF, ventricular fibrillation.