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Schematic of horizontal and vertical rotator cuff force couples. (A) The vertical force couple is described as the superiorly directed force of the deltoid (D) balanced by the compressive action of the supraspinatus (SSp) and inferiorly directed forces of the inferior subscapularis (SSc) and teres minor (TMin). (B) The horizontal force couple is described as the balance between the internally rotating force of the SSc and externally rotating forces of the infraspinatus (IS) and TMin.
